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Although large language models have achieved impressive zero-shot ability, the huge model size generally incurs high cost. Recently, semi-parametric language models, which augment a smaller language model with an external retriever, have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Zhenhailong Wang , Xiaoman Pan , Dian Yu , Dong Yu , Jianshu Chen , Heng Ji

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit significant variations in performance across linguistic and cultural contexts, underscoring the need for systematic evaluation in diverse languages. In this work, we present the most extensive evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Thales Sales Almeida , Ramon Pires , Hugo Abonizio , Rodrigo Nogueira , Hélio Pedrini

Multilingual large language models (LLMs) often exhibit emergent 'shadow' capabilities in languages without official support, yet their performance on these languages remains uneven and under-measured. This is particularly acute for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Peter Devine , William Lamb , Beatrice Alex , Ignatius Ezeani , Dawn Knight , Mícheál J. Ó Meachair , Paul Rayson , Martin Wynne

In this paper, we introduce SailCompass, a reproducible and robust evaluation benchmark for assessing Large Language Models (LLMs) on Southeast Asian Languages (SEA). SailCompass encompasses three main SEA languages, eight primary tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Jia Guo , Longxu Dou , Guangtao Zeng , Stanley Kok , Wei Lu , Qian Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a wide range of general-domain tasks. However, their effectiveness in specialized fields, such as construction, remains underexplored. In this paper, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Yanzhao Wu , Lufan Wang , Rui Liu

We present Llama-GENBA-10B, a trilingual foundation model addressing English-centric bias in large language models. Built on Llama 3.1-8B and scaled to 10B parameters, Llama-GENBA-10B is continuously pretrained on 164B tokens (82B English,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Michael Hoffmann , Jophin John , Stefan Schweter , Gokul Ramakrishnan , Hoi-Fong Mak , Alice Zhang , Dmitry Gaynullin , Nicolay J. Hammer

The power of large language models (LLMs) has been demonstrated through numerous data and computing resources. However, the application of language models on mobile devices is facing huge challenge on the computation and memory costs, that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Yehui Tang , Kai Han , Fangcheng Liu , Yunsheng Ni , Yuchuan Tian , Zheyuan Bai , Yi-Qi Hu , Sichao Liu , Shangling Jui , Yunhe Wang

We introduce Xmodel-LM, a compact and efficient 1.1B language model pre-trained on around 2 trillion tokens. Trained on our self-built dataset (Xdata), which balances Chinese and English corpora based on downstream task optimization,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Yichuan Wang , Yang Liu , Yu Yan , Qun Wang , Xucheng Huang , Ling Jiang

Recent Speech-to-Text models often require a large amount of hardware resources and are mostly trained in English. This paper presents Speech-to-Text models for German, as well as for Spanish and French with special features: (a) They are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-18 Daniel Bermuth , Alexander Poeppel , Wolfgang Reif

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit significant performance variations depending on the linguistic and cultural context in which they are applied. This disparity signals the necessity of mature evaluation frameworks that can assess their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Thales Sales Almeida , Giovana Kerche Bonás , João Guilherme Alves Santos

Large Language Models (LLMs) have attracted significant attention due to their human-like language understanding and generation capabilities, as well as their applicability across various domains. These models, characterized by their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Kazuki Fujii , Taishi Nakamura , Rio Yokota

Significant strides have been made in natural language tasks, largely attributed to the emergence of powerful large language models (LLMs). These models, pre-trained on extensive and diverse corpora, have become increasingly capable of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Ricardo Lopes , João Magalhães , David Semedo

The dominance of proprietary LLMs has led to restricted access and raised information privacy concerns. High-performing open-source alternatives are crucial for information-sensitive and high-volume applications but often lag behind in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Sumuk Shashidhar , Abhinav Chinta , Vaibhav Sahai , Zhenhailong Wang , Heng Ji

Large language models are powerful but often limited by high computational cost, privacy concerns, and English-centric training. Recent progress demonstrates that small, efficient models with around one billion parameters can deliver strong…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Anna Aksenova , Boris Zverkov , Nicola Dainese , Alexander Nikitin , Pekka Marttinen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become a key element of modern artificial intelligence, demonstrating the ability to address a wide range of language processing tasks at unprecedented levels of accuracy without the need of collecting…

In the last few years, three major topics received increased interest: deep learning, NLP and conversational agents. Bringing these three topics together to create an amazing digital customer experience and indeed deploy in production and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Paulo Finardi , José Dié Viegas , Gustavo T. Ferreira , Alex F. Mansano , Vinicius F. Caridá

Existing resources for Automatic Speech Recognition in Portuguese are mostly focused on Brazilian Portuguese, leaving European Portuguese (EP) and other varieties under-explored. To bridge this gap, we introduce CAM\~OES, the first open…

Kazakh, a Turkic language spoken by over 22 million people, remains underserved by existing multilingual language models, which allocate minimal capacity to low-resource languages and employ tokenizers ill-suited to agglutinative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Saken Tukenov

Spoken language models (SLMs) typically discretize speech into high-frame-rate tokens extracted from SSL speech models. As the most successful LMs are based on the Transformer architecture, processing these long token streams with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Nicholas Lee , Cheol Jun Cho , Alan W Black , Gopala K. Anumanchipalli

We introduce GLM-130B, a bilingual (English and Chinese) pre-trained language model with 130 billion parameters. It is an attempt to open-source a 100B-scale model at least as good as GPT-3 (davinci) and unveil how models of such a scale…

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