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In recent years, quantum Ising machines have drawn a lot of attention, but due to physical implementation constraints, it has been difficult to achieve dense coupling, such as full coupling with sufficient spins to handle practical…

Domain-specific hardware to solve computationally hard optimization problems has generated tremendous excitement. Here, we evaluate probabilistic bit (p-bit) based Ising Machines (IM) on the 3-regular 3-Exclusive OR Satisfiability (3R3X),…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Srijan Nikhar , Sidharth Kannan , Navid Anjum Aadit , Shuvro Chowdhury , Kerem Y. Camsari

Oscillator Ising Machines (OIMs) and probabilistic bit (p-bit)-based computing platforms have emerged as promising paradigms for tackling complex combinatorial optimization problems. Although traditionally viewed as distinct approaches,…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-01-26 E. M. Hasantha Ekanayake , Nikhat Khan , Nikhil Shukla

A variety of complicated computational scenarios have made unprecedented demands on the computing power and energy efficiency of electronic computing systems, including solving intractable nondeterministic polynomial-time (NP)-complete…

Ising Machines are emerging hardware architectures that efficiently solve NP-Hard combinatorial optimization problems. Generally, combinatorial problems are transformed into quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) form, but this…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Chirag Garg , Sayeef Salahuddin

Spiking neural network is a kind of neuromorphic computing that is believed to improve the level of intelligence and provide advantages for quantum computing. In this work, we address this issue by designing an optical spiking neural…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-25 Bo Lu , Yong-Pan Gao , Kai Wen , Chuan Wang

Photonic computing promises energy-efficient acceleration for optimization and learning, yet discrete combinatorial search and continuous function approximation have largely required distinct devices and control stacks. Here we unify…

Optics · Physics 2025-09-03 Nikita Stroev , Natalia G. Berloff

Ising Machine is a promising computing approach for solving combinatorial optimization problems. It is naturally suited for energy-saving and compact in-memory computing implementations with emerging memories. A na\"ive in-memory computing…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-30 George Higgins Hutchinson , Ethan Sifferman , Tinish Bhattacharya , Dmitri B. Strukov

Statistical spin dynamics plays a key role to understand the working principle for novel optical Ising machines. Here we propose the gauge transformations for spatial photonic Ising machine, where a single spatial phase modulator…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2021-07-28 Yisheng Fang , Junyi Huang , Zhichao Ruan

Ising machines are effective solvers for complex combinatorial optimization problems. The idea is mapping the optimal solution(s) to a combinatorial optimization problem to the minimum energy state(s) of a physical system, which naturally…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Hüsrev Cılasun , Abhimanyu Kumar , Ziqing Zeng , Nafisa Sadaf Prova , Sachin S. Sapatnekar , Ulya R. Karpuzcu

NP-complete problems are widely and deeply involved in various real-life scenarios while still intractable to solve efficiently on conventional computers. It is of great practical significance to construct versatile computing architectures…

Optics · Physics 2023-08-29 Xiao-Yun Xu , Tian-Yu Zhang , Zi-Wei Wang , Chu-Han Wang , Xian-Min Jin

Combinatorial optimization problems are crucial in industry. However, many COPs are NP-hard, causing the search space to grow exponentially with problem size and rendering large-scale instances computationally intractable. Conventional…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Eiji Kawase , Shuta Kikuchi , Hideaki Tamai , Shu Tanaka

The growth of artificial intelligence and IoT has created a significant computational load for solving non-deterministic polynomial-time (NP)-hard problems, which are difficult to solve using conventional computers. The Ising computer,…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Jia Si , Shuhan Yang , Yunuo Cen , Jiaer Chen , Zhaoyang Yao , Dong-Jun Kim , Kaiming Cai , Jerald Yoo , Xuanyao Fong , Hyunsoo Yang

We present a new way to make Ising machines, i.e., using networks of coupled self-sustaining nonlinear oscillators. Our scheme is theoretically rooted in a novel result that establishes that the phase dynamics of coupled oscillator systems,…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-03-19 Tianshi Wang , Jaijeet Roychowdhury

The advancement of artificial intelligence demands flexible multimodal data processing with high throughput and energy efficiency. Photonic integrated circuits (PIC) has demonstrated promising potentials in terms of low latency and low…

Airfoil shape optimization presents a challenge where classical solvers frequently struggle with computational efficiency and local minima. In the promising paradigm of quantum computing, the coherent Ising machine (CIM), a specialized…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-12 Hao Ni , Qi Gao , Zhen Lu , Yue Yang

The inability of conventional electronic architectures to efficiently solve large combinatorial problems motivates the development of novel computational hardware. There has been much effort recently toward developing novel,…

The past decade has seen the emergence of Ising machines targeting hard combinatorial optimization problems by minimizing the Ising Hamiltonian with spins represented by continuous dynamical variables. However, capabilities of these…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Aditya Shukla , Mikhail Erementchouk , Pinaki Mazumder

In recent years, hardware implementations of Ising machines have emerged as a viable alternative to quantum computing for solving hard optimization problems among other applications. Unlike quantum hardware, dense connectivity can be…

A coherent Ising machine (CIM) is a network of optical parametric oscillators (OPOs), in which the "strongest" collective mode of oscillation at well above threshold corresponds to an optimum solution of a given Ising problem. When a pump…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-28 Y. Yamamoto , T. Leleu , S. Ganguli , H. Mabuchi