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Entanglement purification protocols, designed to improve the fidelity of Bell states over quantum networks for inter-node communications, have attracted significant attention over the last few decades. These protocols have great potential…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-07 Yue Shi , Chenxu Liu , Samuel Stein , Meng Wang , Muqing Zheng , Ang Li

Quantum key distribution allows for the generation of a secret key between distant parties connected by a quantum channel such as optical fibre or free space. Unfortunately, the rate of generation of a secret key by direct transmission is…

In this paper, we consider quantum key distribution (QKD) in a quantum network with both quantum repeaters and a small number of trusted nodes. In contrast to current QKD networks with only trusted nodes and the true Quantum Internet with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-07 Omar Amer , Walter O. Krawec , Victoria U. Manfredi , Bing Wang

We design a quantum repeater architecture, necessary for long distance quantum networks, using the recently proposed microwave cat state qubits, formed and manipulated via interaction between a superconducting nonlinear element and a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-13 Sourabh Kumar , Nikolai Lauk , Christoph Simon

Internet-scale quantum repeater networks will be heterogeneous in physical technology, repeater functionality, and management. The classical control necessary to use the network will therefore face similar issues as Internet data…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-21 Rodney Van Meter , Joe Touch , Dominic Horsman

Quantum repeaters (QRs) provide a way of enabling long distance quantum communication by establishing entangled qubits between remote locations. We investigate a new approach to QRs in which quantum information can be faithfully transmitted…

We present a static framework for analysing quantum routing protocols that we call the \textit{cost-vector formalism}. Here, quantum networks are recast as multi-graphs where edges represent two-qubit entanglement resources that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-04 Hudson Leone , Nathaniel R. Miller , Deepesh Singh , Nathan K. Langford , Peter P. Rohde

Efficiently distributing secret keys over long distances remains a critical challenge in the development of quantum networks. "First-generation" quantum repeater chains distribute entanglement by executing protocols composed of…

Entanglement routing establishes remote entanglement connection between two arbitrary nodes, which is one of the most important functions in quantum networks. The existing routing mechanisms mainly improve the robustness and throughput…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-23 Jian Li , Mingjun Wang , Qidong Jia , Kaiping Xue , Nenghai Yu , Qibin Sun , Jun Lu

We present a physical- and link-level design for the creation of entangled pairs to be used in quantum repeater applications where one can control the noise level of the initially distributed pairs. The system can tune dynamically, trading…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 W. J. Munro , R. Van Meter , Sebastien G. R. Louis , Kae Nemoto

Quantum networks play an extremely important role in quantum information science, with application to quantum communication, computation, metrology and fundamental tests. One of the key challenges for implementing a quantum network is to…

Quantum network and quantum repeater are promising ways to scale up a quantum information system to enable various applications with unprecedented performance. As a current bottleneck of building a long-distance quantum network, the…

This work introduces a compact framework for analyzing asynchronous entanglement distribution protocols under realistic error models. We focus on two contemporary protocols: sequential, where entanglement is established one node at a time,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-13 Emma Hughes , William Munizzi , Prineha Narang

A quantum internet holds promise for achieving distributed quantum sensing and large-scale quantum computer networks, as well as quantum communication among arbitrary clients all over the globe. The main building block is efficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-19 Koji Azuma

We introduce Quantum Tree Networks (QTN), an architecture for hierarchical multi-flow entanglement routing. The network design is a $k$-ary tree where end nodes are situated on the leaves and routers at the internal nodes, with each node…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-14 Hyeongrak Choi , Marc G. Davis , Álvaro G. Iñesta , Dirk R. Englund

Quantum networks will play a key role in distributed quantum information processing. As the network size increases, network-level errors like random breakdown and intentional attack are inevitable; therefore, it is important to understand…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-17 Bingzhi Zhang , Quntao Zhuang

Quantum entanglement and coherence are two fundamental resources for quantum information processing. Recent results clearly demonstrate their relevance in quantum technological tasks, including quantum communication and quantum algorithms.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-16 Anurag Anshu , Rahul Jain , Alexander Streltsov

Quantum networks crucially rely on the availability of high-quality entangled pairs of qubits, known as entangled links, distributed across distant nodes. Maintaining the quality of these links is a challenging task due to the presence of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-04 Bethany Davies , Álvaro G. Iñesta , Stephanie Wehner

Satellite-based quantum repeaters are a promising means to reach global distances in quantum networking due to the polynomial decrease of optical transmission with distance in free space, in contrast to the exponential decrease in optical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-15 V. Domínguez Tubío , M. Badás Aldecocea , J. van Dam , A. S. Sørensen , J. Borregaard

Quantum networks are of high interest nowadays and a quantum internet has been long envisioned. Network-entanglement adapts the notion of entanglement to the network scenario and network-entangled states are considered to be a resource to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-07 Zhen-Peng Xu , Julio I. de Vicente , Liang-Liang Sun , Sixia Yu