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Pseudo-random operators consist of sets of operators that exhibit many of the important statistical features of uniformly distributed random operators. Such pseudo-random sets of operators are most useful whey they may be parameterized and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Joseph Emerson

Quantum pseudorandomness, also known as unitary designs, comprise a powerful resource for quantum computation and quantum engineering. While it is known in theory that pseudorandom unitary operators can be constructed efficiently, realizing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-24 Jun Li , Zhihuang Luo , Tao Xin , Hengyan Wang , David Kribs , Dawei Lu , Bei Zeng , Raymond Laflamme

Randomness is both a useful way to model natural systems and a useful tool for engineered systems, e.g. in computation, communication and control. Fully random transformations require exponential time for either classical or quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-04 Fernando G. S. L. Brandao , Aram W. Harrow , Michal Horodecki

Pseudorandom quantum states (PRS) are efficiently constructible states that are computationally indistinguishable from being Haar-random, and have recently found cryptographic applications. We explore new definitions, new properties and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-12 Prabhanjan Ananth , Aditya Gulati , Luowen Qian , Henry Yuen

The nature of randomness and complexity growth in systems governed by unitary dynamics is a fundamental question in quantum many-body physics. This problem has motivated the study of models such as local random circuits and their…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-10 Laura Cui , Thomas Schuster , Liang Mao , Hsin-Yuan Huang , Fernando Brandao

We introduce a new notion called ${\cal Q}$-secure pseudorandom isometries (PRI). A pseudorandom isometry is an efficient quantum circuit that maps an $n$-qubit state to an $(n+m)$-qubit state in an isometric manner. In terms of security,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-14 Prabhanjan Ananth , Aditya Gulati , Fatih Kaleoglu , Yao-Ting Lin

Gluing theorem for random unitaries [Schuster, Haferkamp, Huang, QIP 2025] have found numerous applications, including designing low depth random unitaries [Schuster, Haferkamp, Huang, QIP 2025], random unitaries in ${\sf QAC0}$ [Foxman,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Prabhanjan Ananth , John Bostanci , Aditya Gulati , Yao-Ting Lin

A pseudorandom quantum state (PRS) is an ensemble of quantum states indistinguishable from Haar-random states to observers with efficient quantum computers. It allows one to substitute the costly Haar-random state with efficiently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-25 Andrew Tanggara , Mile Gu , Kishor Bharti

Uniformly random unitaries, i.e. unitaries drawn from the Haar measure, have many useful properties, but cannot be implemented efficiently. This has motivated a long line of research into random unitaries that "look" sufficiently Haar…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-22 Tony Metger , Alexander Poremba , Makrand Sinha , Henry Yuen

Pseudorandom functions (PRFs) are one of the most fundamental primitives in classical cryptography. On the other hand, in quantum cryptography, it is possible that PRFs do not exist but their quantum analogues could exist, and still…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-07 Aditya Gulati , Yao-Ting Lin , Tomoyuki Morimae , Shogo Yamada

Many quantum algorithms, to compute some property of a unitary $U$, require access not just to $U$, but to $cU$, the unitary with a control qubit. We show that having access to $cU$ does not help for a large class of quantum problems. For a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-27 Ewin Tang , John Wright

In this work, we focus on the following question: what are the cryptographic implications of having access to an oracle that provides a single Haar random quantum state? We find that the study of such a model sheds light on several aspects…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-16 Boyang Chen , Andrea Coladangelo , Or Sattath

Quantum pseudorandomness has found applications in many areas of quantum information, ranging from entanglement theory, to models of scrambling phenomena in chaotic quantum systems, and, more recently, in the foundations of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-23 John Bostanci , Jonas Haferkamp , Dominik Hangleiter , Alexander Poremba

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) leverage inherent, non-clonable physical randomness to generate unique input-output pairs, serving as secure fingerprints for cryptographic protocols like authentication. Quantum PUFs (QPUFs) extend this…

The unitary design formation in random circuits has attracted considerable attention due to its wide range of practical applications and relevance to fundamental physics. While the formation rates in Haar random circuits have been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-05 Toshihiro Yada , Ryotaro Suzuki , Yosuke Mitsuhashi , Nobuyuki Yoshioka

We propose the concept of pseudorandom states and study their constructions, properties, and applications. Under the assumption that quantum-secure one-way functions exist, we present concrete and efficient constructions of pseudorandom…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-28 Zhengfeng Ji , Yi-Kai Liu , Fang Song

Program obfuscation aims to conceal a program's internal structure while preserving its functionality. A central open problem is whether an obfuscation scheme for arbitrary quantum circuits exists. Despite several efforts having been made…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-15 Miryam Mi-Ying Huang , Er-Cheng Tang

Arbitrary exponentially large unitaries cannot be implemented efficiently by quantum circuits. However, we show that quantum circuits can efficiently implement any unitary provided it has at most polynomially many nonzero entries in any row…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-29 Stephen P. Jordan , Pawel Wocjan

We prove a quantum information-theoretic conjecture due to Ji, Liu and Song (CRYPTO 2018) which suggested that a uniform superposition with random \emph{binary} phase is statistically indistinguishable from a Haar random state. That is, any…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-27 Zvika Brakerski , Omri Shmueli

Quantum physical unclonable functions, or QPUFs, are rapidly emerging as theoretical hardware solutions to provide secure cryptographic functionalities such as key-exchange, message authentication, entity identification among others. Recent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-15 Niraj Kumar , Rawad Mezher , Elham Kashefi