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Constrained optimization problems, where not all possible variable assignments are feasible solutions, comprise numerous practically relevant optimization problems such as the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), or portfolio optimization.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-24 René Zander , Raphael Seidel , Matteo Inajetovic , Niklas Steinmann , Matic Petrič

The Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problem lies at the core of many applications in combinatorial optimization, software verification, cryptography, and machine learning. While state-of-the-art solvers have demonstrated high efficiency in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Zhiwei Zhang , Samy Wu Fung , Anastasios Kyrillidis , Stanley Osher , Moshe Y. Vardi

Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problems are well-studied, not least because they can be approached using contemporary quantum annealing or classical hardware acceleration. However, due to limited precision and hardware…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-06 Sascha Mücke , Thore Gerlach , Nico Piatkowski

The Maximum Cut (Max-Cut) problem could be naturally expressed either in a Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) formulation, or as an Ising model. It has long been known that the Maximum Independent Set (MIS) problem could…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-19 Chuixiong Wu , Jianan Wang , Fen Zuo

In certain real-world optimization scenarios, practitioners are not interested in solving multiple problems but rather in finding the best solution to a single, specific problem. When the computational budget is large relative to the cost…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Judith Echevarrieta , Etor Arza , Aritz Pérez , Josu Ceberio

Many constraint satisfaction and optimisation problems can be solved effectively by encoding them as instances of the Boolean Satisfiability problem (SAT). However, even the simplest types of constraints have many encodings in the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Felix Ulrich-Oltean , Peter Nightingale , James Alfred Walker

The increasing complexity of industrial scheduling and transport routing problems motivates the study of alternative optimization formulations and computational paradigms. In this work, we study how higher-order unconstrained binary…

Given a 2-SAT formula $F$ consisting of $n$ variables and $\cn$ random clauses, what is the largest number of clauses $\max F$ satisfiable by a single assignment of the variables? We bound the answer away from the trivial bounds of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-09-07 Don Coppersmith , David Gamarnik , Mohammad Hajiaghayi , Gregory B. Sorkin

Algorithms and hardware for solving quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problems have made significant recent progress. This advancement has focused attention on formulating combinatorial optimization problems as quadratic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Yuta Shikuri

Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problems are prevalent in various applications and are known to be NP-hard. The seminal work of Goemans and Williamson introduced a semidefinite programming (SDP) relaxation for such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-10 Haomu Yuan , Daniel Stilck França , Ilia Luchnikov , Egor Tiunov , Tobias Haug , Leandro Aolita

Although Path-Relinking is an effective local search method for many combinatorial optimization problems, its application is not straightforward in solving the MAX-SAT, an optimization variant of the satisfiability problem (SAT) that has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-08-13 Zhen-Xing Xu , Kun He , Chu-Min Li

Quantum computing offers significant potential for solving NP-hard combinatorial (optimization) problems that are beyond the reach of classical computers. One way to tap into this potential is by reformulating combinatorial problems as a…

The quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problem arises in diverse optimization applications ranging from Ising spin problems to classical problems in graph theory and binary discrete optimization. The use of preprocessing to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-05-29 Fred Glover , Mark Lewis , Gary Kochenberger

Optimizing over separable quantum objects is challenging for two key reasons: determining separability is NP-hard, and the dimensionality of the problem grows exponentially with the number of qubits. We address both challenges by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-01 Ankith Mohan , Tobias Haug , Kishor Bharti , Jamie Sikora

We consider the problem of automatically proving resource bounds. That is, we study how to prove that an integer-valued resource variable is bounded by a given program expression. Automatic resource-bound analysis has recently received…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-10-15 Tianhan Lu , Bor-Yuh Evan Chang , Ashutosh Trivedi

Constrained sampling and counting are two fundamental problems in artificial intelligence with a diverse range of applications, spanning probabilistic reasoning and planning to constrained-random verification. While the theory of these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-12-22 Kuldeep S. Meel , Moshe Vardi , Supratik Chakraborty , Daniel J. Fremont , Sanjit A. Seshia , Dror Fried , Alexander Ivrii , Sharad Malik

MaxSAT is an optimization version of the famous NP-complete Satisfiability problem (SAT). Algorithms for MaxSAT mainly include complete solvers and local search incomplete solvers. In many complete solvers, once a better solution is found,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Jiongzhi Zheng , Zhuo Chen , Chu-Min Li , Kun He

The Circuit Satisfiability (CSAT) problem, a variant of the Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) problem, plays a critical role in integrated circuit design and verification. However, existing SAT solvers, optimized for Conjunctive Normal Form…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Zhengyuan Shi , Tiebing Tang , Jiaying Zhu , Sadaf Khan , Hui-Ling Zhen , Mingxuan Yuan , Zhufei Chu , Qiang Xu

In this paper, we propose a hybrid framework to solve large-scale permutation-based combinatorial problems effectively using a high-performance quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) solver. To do so, transformations are…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-07-07 Siong Thye Goh , Sabrish Gopalakrishnan , Jianyuan Bo , Hoong Chuin Lau

Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO or UBQP) is concerned with maximizing/minimizing the quadratic form $H(J, \eta) = W \sum_{i,j} J_{i,j} \eta_{i} \eta_{j}$ with $J$ a matrix of coefficients, $\eta \in \{0, 1\}^N$ and $W$ a…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-07-02 Marco Isopi , Benedetto Scoppola , Alessio Troiani