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Molecular Representation Learning (MRL) has proven impactful in numerous biochemical applications such as drug discovery and enzyme design. While Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are effective at learning molecular representations from a 2D…

Molecular property prediction has attracted substantial attention recently. Accurate prediction of drug properties relies heavily on effective molecular representations. The structures of chemical compounds are commonly represented as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Anyin Zhao , Zuquan Chen , Zhengyu Fang , Xiaoge Zhang , Jing Li

The three-dimensional shape and conformation of small-molecule ligands are critical for biomolecular recognition, yet encoding 3D geometry has not improved ligand-based virtual screening approaches. We describe an end-to-end deep learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Kangway V. Chuang , Michael J. Keiser

The simplified molecular-input line-entry system (SMILES) is the most popular representation of chemical compounds. Therefore, many SMILES-based molecular property prediction models have been developed. In particular, transformer-based…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2022-05-03 Ingoo Lee , Hojung Nam

Chemical representation learning has gained increasing interest due to the limited availability of supervised data in fields such as drug and materials design. This interest particularly extends to chemical language representation learning,…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2024-08-06 Jun-Hyung Park , Yeachan Kim , Mingyu Lee , Hyuntae Park , SangKeun Lee

In drug-discovery-related tasks such as virtual screening, machine learning is emerging as a promising way to predict molecular properties. Conventionally, molecular fingerprints (numerical representations of molecules) are calculated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-13 Shion Honda , Shoi Shi , Hiroki R. Ueda

The quest for accurate prediction of drug molecule properties poses a fundamental challenge in the realm of Artificial Intelligence Drug Discovery (AIDD). An effective representation of drug molecules emerges as a pivotal component in this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Zhuoyuan Wang , Jiacong Mi , Shan Lu , Jieyue He

Most machine learning models for molecular property prediction rely on a single molecular representation (either a sequence, a graph, or a 3D structure) and treat molecular geometry as static. We present MolFM-Lite, a multi-modal model that…

We present an effective method for fusing visual-and-language representations for several question answering tasks including visual question answering and visual entailment. In contrast to prior works that concatenate unimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Maxwell Mbabilla Aladago , AJ Piergiovanni

Automated computational analysis of the vast chemical space is critical for numerous fields of research such as drug discovery and material science. Representation learning techniques have recently been employed with the primary objective…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-05-26 Atakan Yüksel , Erva Ulusoy , Atabey Ünlü , Tunca Doğan

Molecule pretraining has quickly become the go-to schema to boost the performance of AI-based drug discovery. Naturally, molecules can be represented as 2D topological graphs or 3D geometric point clouds. Although most existing pertaining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Shengchao Liu , Weitao Du , Zhiming Ma , Hongyu Guo , Jian Tang

Representing molecular structures effectively in chemistry remains a challenging task. Language models and graph-based models are extensively utilized within this domain, consistently achieving state-of-the-art results across an array of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Nikolai Rekut , Alexey Orlov , Klea Ziu , Elizaveta Starykh , Martin Takac , Aleksandr Beznosikov

Emotions play a crucial role in human behavior and decision-making, making emotion recognition a key area of interest in human-computer interaction (HCI). This study addresses the challenges of emotion recognition by integrating facial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Zaitian Wang , Jian He , Yu Liang , Xiyuan Hu , Tianhao Peng , Kaixin Wang , Jiakai Wang , Chenlong Zhang , Weili Zhang , Shuang Niu , Xiaoyang Xie

Molecular property prediction aims to learn representations that map chemical structures to functional properties. While multimodal learning has emerged as a powerful paradigm to learn molecular representations, prior works have largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Feng Jiang , Mangal Prakash , Hehuan Ma , Jianyuan Deng , Yuzhi Guo , Amina Mollaysa , Tommaso Mansi , Rui Liao , Junzhou Huang

Molecular graph representation learning is widely used in chemical and biomedical research. While pre-trained 2D graph encoders have demonstrated strong performance, they overlook the rich molecular domain knowledge associated with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Xingtong Yu , Chang Zhou , Xinming Zhang , Yuan Fang

Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System (SMILES) is a single line text representation of a unique molecule. One molecule can however have multiple SMILES strings, which is a reason that canonical SMILES have been defined, which ensures…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-05-18 Esben Jannik Bjerrum

The application of language models (LMs) to molecular structure generation using line notations such as SMILES and SELFIES has been well-established in the field of cheminformatics. However, extending these models to generate 3D molecular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Kaiyuan Gao , Yusong Wang , Haoxiang Guan , Zun Wang , Qizhi Pei , John E. Hopcroft , Kun He , Lijun Wu

A molecule's 2D representation consists of its atoms, their attributes, and the molecule's covalent bonds. A 3D (geometric) representation of a molecule is called a conformer and consists of its atom types and Cartesian coordinates. Every…

Language Models (LMs) have greatly influenced diverse domains. However, their inherent limitation in comprehending 3D molecular structures has considerably constrained their potential in the biomolecular domain. To bridge this gap, we focus…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Sihang Li , Zhiyuan Liu , Yanchen Luo , Xiang Wang , Xiangnan He , Kenji Kawaguchi , Tat-Seng Chua , Qi Tian

Geometric representation-conditioned molecule generation provides an effective paradigm that decouples molecule representation modeling from structure generation. By decoupling molecule generation into two stages-first generating a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Shaoheng Yan , Zian Li , Cai Zhou , Qiaojing Huang , Kai Liu , Muhan Zhang