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Language models are increasingly being used in important decision pipelines, so ensuring the correctness of their outputs is crucial. Recent work has proposed evaluating the "factuality" of claims decomposed from a language model generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Maxon Rubin-Toles , Maya Gambhir , Keshav Ramji , Aaron Roth , Surbhi Goel

Large Language Models (LLMs) are prone to generating fluent but incorrect content, known as confabulation, which poses increasing risks in multi-turn or agentic applications where outputs may be reused as context. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Tianyi Zhou , Johanne Medina , Sanjay Chawla

Content is created for a well-defined purpose, often described by a metric or signal represented in the form of structured information. The relationship between the goal (metrics) of target content and the content itself is non-trivial.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Navita Goyal , Roodram Paneri , Ayush Agarwal , Udit Kalani , Abhilasha Sancheti , Niyati Chhaya

Assessing factuality of text generated by large language models (LLMs) is an emerging yet crucial research area, aimed at alerting users to potential errors and guiding the development of more reliable LLMs. Nonetheless, the evaluators…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Shiqi Chen , Yiran Zhao , Jinghan Zhang , I-Chun Chern , Siyang Gao , Pengfei Liu , Junxian He

We address the issue of hallucination in data-to-text generation, i.e., reducing the generation of text that is unsupported by the source. We conjecture that hallucination can be caused by an encoder-decoder model generating content phrases…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Ran Tian , Shashi Narayan , Thibault Sellam , Ankur P. Parikh

Despite the rapid advances in Text-to-Image (T2I) generation models, their evaluation remains challenging in domains like fashion, involving complex compositional generation. Recent automated T2I evaluation methods leverage pre-trained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Ziyue Liu , Federico Girella , Yiming Wang , Davide Talon

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained significant popularity for their impressive performance across diverse fields. However, LLMs are prone to hallucinate untruthful or nonsensical outputs that fail to meet user expectations in many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Tianhang Zhang , Lin Qiu , Qipeng Guo , Cheng Deng , Yue Zhang , Zheng Zhang , Chenghu Zhou , Xinbing Wang , Luoyi Fu

Factual consistency is an essential quality of text summarization models in practical settings. Existing work in evaluating this dimension can be broadly categorized into two lines of research, entailment-based and question answering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Alexander R. Fabbri , Chien-Sheng Wu , Wenhao Liu , Caiming Xiong

Ensuring that collections of natural-language facts are globally consistent is essential for tasks such as fact-checking, summarization, and knowledge base construction. While Large Language Models (LLMs) can assess the consistency of small…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Paul He , Elke Kirschbaum , Shiva Kasiviswanathan

Semantic consistency of a language model is broadly defined as the model's ability to produce semantically-equivalent outputs, given semantically-equivalent inputs. We address the task of assessing question-answering (QA) semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Ella Rabinovich , Samuel Ackerman , Orna Raz , Eitan Farchi , Ateret Anaby-Tavor

Context-grounded hallucinations are cases where model outputs contain information not verifiable against the source text. We study the applicability of LLMs for localizing such hallucinations, as a more practical alternative to existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yehonatan Peisakhovsky , Zorik Gekhman , Yosi Mass , Liat Ein-Dor , Roi Reichart

As increasingly sophisticated language models emerge, their trustworthiness becomes a pivotal issue, especially in tasks such as summarization and question-answering. Ensuring their responses are contextually grounded and faithful is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Anirudh Mittal , Timo Schick , Mikel Artetxe , Jane Dwivedi-Yu

Recently, deep learning based facial landmark detection has achieved great success. Despite this, we notice that the semantic ambiguity greatly degrades the detection performance. Specifically, the semantic ambiguity means that some…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-03-27 Zhiwei Liu , Xiangyu Zhu , Guosheng Hu , Haiyun Guo , Ming Tang , Zhen Lei , Neil M. Robertson , Jinqiao Wang

The increased use of large language models (LLMs) across a variety of real-world applications calls for mechanisms to verify the factual accuracy of their outputs. In this work, we present a holistic end-to-end solution for annotating the…

Recently, given the docstring for the target problem and the target function signature, large language models (LLMs) have been used not only to generate source code, but also to generate test cases, consisting of test inputs and assertions…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Hao Yu , Tianyu Chen , Jiaming Huang , Zongyang Li , Dezhi Ran , Xinyu Wang , Ying Li , Assaf Marron , David Harel , Yuan Xie , Tao Xie

The growing realism of AI-generated images produced by recent GAN and diffusion models has intensified concerns over the reliability of visual media. Yet, despite notable progress in deepfake detection, current forensic systems degrade…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Anshul Bagaria

Factual inconsistencies pose a significant hurdle for the faithful summarization by generative models. While a major direction to enhance inconsistency detection is to derive stronger Natural Language Inference (NLI) models, we propose an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Liyan Xu , Zhenlin Su , Mo Yu , Jin Xu , Jinho D. Choi , Jie Zhou , Fei Liu

Quantifying uncertainty in automatically generated text is important for letting humans check potential hallucinations and making systems more reliable. Conformal prediction is an attractive framework to provide predictions imbued with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Dennis Ulmer , Chrysoula Zerva , André F. T. Martins

This study addresses the critical issue of factual inaccuracies in machine-generated text summaries, an increasingly prevalent issue in information dissemination. Recognizing the potential of such errors to compromise information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Aniket Deroy , Subhankar Maity , Saptarshi Ghosh

Large language models (LLMs) often produce unsupported or unverifiable content, known as "hallucinations." To mitigate this, retrieval-augmented LLMs incorporate citations, grounding the content in verifiable sources. Despite such…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Weijia Zhang , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Yifei Yuan , Jiahuan Pei , Jia-Hong Huang , Evangelos Kanoulas