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Text embeddings are commonly evaluated on a small set of datasets from a single task not covering their possible applications to other tasks. It is unclear whether state-of-the-art embeddings on semantic textual similarity (STS) can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Niklas Muennighoff , Nouamane Tazi , Loïc Magne , Nils Reimers

Benchmarks like SWE-bench have standardized the evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) on repository-level software engineering tasks. However, these efforts remain limited by manual curation, static datasets, and a focus on…

We present SnakModel, a Danish large language model (LLM) based on Llama2-7B, which we continuously pre-train on 13.6B Danish words, and further tune on 3.7M Danish instructions. As best practices for creating LLMs for smaller language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Mike Zhang , Max Müller-Eberstein , Elisa Bassignana , Rob van der Goot

The impressive capabilities of recent language models can be largely attributed to the multi-trillion token pretraining datasets that they are trained on. However, model developers fail to disclose their construction methodology which has…

This paper presents the first Swedish evaluation benchmark for textual semantic similarity. The benchmark is compiled by simply running the English STS-B dataset through the Google machine translation API. This paper discusses potential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Tim Isbister , Magnus Sahlgren

Synthetic data is a standard component in training large language models, yet systematic comparisons across design dimensions, including rephrasing strategy, generator model, and source data, remain absent. We conduct extensive controlled…

In the rapidly evolving field of artificial intelligence, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant capabilities across numerous applications. However, the performance of these models in languages with fewer resources, such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Birger Moell

Language models have outpaced our ability to evaluate them effectively, but for their future development it is essential to study the frontier of their capabilities. We find real-world software engineering to be a rich, sustainable, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Carlos E. Jimenez , John Yang , Alexander Wettig , Shunyu Yao , Kexin Pei , Ofir Press , Karthik Narasimhan

The recent rise in the popularity of large language models has spurred the development of extensive code datasets needed to train them. This has left limited code available for collection and use in the downstream investigation of specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Jonathan Katzy , Razvan Mihai Popescu , Arie van Deursen , Maliheh Izadi

The pretraining of state-of-the-art large language models now requires trillions of words of text, which is orders of magnitude more than available for the vast majority of languages. While including text in more than one language is an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Risto Luukkonen , Jonathan Burdge , Elaine Zosa , Aarne Talman , Ville Komulainen , Väinö Hatanpää , Peter Sarlin , Sampo Pyysalo

Recently, numerous embedding models have been made available and widely used for various NLP tasks. The Massive Text Embedding Benchmark (MTEB) has primarily simplified the process of choosing a model that performs well for several tasks in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Mathieu Ciancone , Imene Kerboua , Marion Schaeffer , Wissam Siblini

GitHub issue resolving is a critical task in software engineering, recently gaining significant attention in both industry and academia. Within this task, SWE-bench has been released to evaluate issue resolving capabilities of large…

In this paper, we introduce SWE-QA, a text and code corpus aimed at benchmarking multi-hop code comprehension, addressing the gap between simplified evaluation tasks and the complex reasoning required in real-world software development.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Laïla Elkoussy , Julien Perez

Scaling data quantity is essential for large language models (LLMs), yet recent findings show that data quality can significantly boost performance and training efficiency. We introduce a German-language dataset curation pipeline that…

We present a new resource for Swedish, SweLL, a corpus of Swedish Learner essays linked to learners' performance according to the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). SweLL consists of three subcorpora - SpIn, SW1203 and Tisus,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-04-25 Elena Volodina , Ildikó Pilán , Ingegerd Enström , Lorena Llozhi , Peter Lundkvist , Gunlög Sundberg , Monica Sandell

In this work, we introduce skLEP, the first comprehensive benchmark specifically designed for evaluating Slovak natural language understanding (NLU) models. We have compiled skLEP to encompass nine diverse tasks that span token-level,…

The majority of data in businesses and industries is stored in tables, databases, and data warehouses. Reasoning with table-structured data poses significant challenges for large language models (LLMs) due to its hidden semantics, inherent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Ce Li , Xiaofan Liu , Zhiyan Song , Ce Chi , Chen Zhao , Jingjing Yang , Zhendong Wang , Kexin Yang , Boshen Shi , Xing Wang , Chao Deng , Junlan Feng

While large language models have facilitated breakthroughs in many applications of artificial intelligence, their inherent largeness makes them computationally expensive and challenging to deploy in resource-constrained settings. In this…

The potential for improvements brought by Large Language Models (LLMs) in Text-to-SQL systems is mostly assessed on monolingual English datasets. However, LLMs' performance for other languages remains vastly unexplored. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Farhad Nooralahzadeh , Yi Zhang , Ellery Smith , Sabine Maennel , Cyril Matthey-Doret , Raphaël de Fondville , Kurt Stockinger

Despite the progress we have recorded in the last few years in multilingual natural language processing, evaluation is typically limited to a small set of languages with available datasets which excludes a large number of low-resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-08 David Ifeoluwa Adelani , Hannah Liu , Xiaoyu Shen , Nikita Vassilyev , Jesujoba O. Alabi , Yanke Mao , Haonan Gao , Annie En-Shiun Lee