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Recent research in mechanistic interpretability has attempted to reverse-engineer Transformer models by carefully inspecting network weights and activations. However, these approaches require considerable manual effort and still fall short…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Dan Friedman , Alexander Wettig , Danqi Chen

Large pretrained self-attention neural networks, or transformers, have been very successful in various tasks recently. The performance of a model on a given task depends on its ability to memorize and generalize the training data. Large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Aki Härmä , Marcin Pietrasik , Anna Wilbik

Transformers achieve state-of-the-art performance for natural language processing tasks by pre-training on large-scale text corpora. They are extremely compute-intensive and have very high sample complexity. Memory replay is a mechanism…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Rui Liu , Barzan Mozafari

The ability of machine learning models to store input information in hidden layer vector embeddings, analogous to the concept of `memory', is widely employed but not well characterized. We find that language model embeddings typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Benjamin L. Badger

The transformer architecture has demonstrated remarkable capabilities in modern artificial intelligence, among which the capability of implicitly learning an internal model during inference time is widely believed to play a key role in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Zhiheng Chen , Ruofan Wu , Guanhua Fang

When language models (LMs) are trained to forget (or "unlearn'') a skill, how precisely does their behavior change? We study the behavior of transformer LMs in which tasks have been forgotten via fine-tuning on randomized labels. Such LMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Eric Zhang , Leshem Chosen , Jacob Andreas

The transformer is a neural network component that can be used to learn useful representations of sequences or sets of data-points. The transformer has driven recent advances in natural language processing, computer vision, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Richard E. Turner

Using transformers over large generated datasets, we train models to learn mathematical properties of differential systems, such as local stability, behavior at infinity and controllability. We achieve near perfect prediction of qualitative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-22 François Charton , Amaury Hayat , Guillaume Lample

Many neural network architectures are known to be Turing Complete, and can thus, in principle implement arbitrary algorithms. However, Transformers are unique in that they can implement gradient-based learning algorithms under simple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Xiang Cheng , Yuxin Chen , Suvrit Sra

In this study, we delve into the efficacy of transformers within pre-trained language models (PLMs) when repurposed as encoders for Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR). Our underlying hypothesis posits that, despite being initially trained…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-27 Keyu An , Shiliang Zhang , Zhijie Yan

Mathematical expressions were generated, evaluated and used to train neural network models based on the transformer architecture. The expressions and their targets were analyzed as a character-level sequence transduction task in which the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-17 Artit Wangperawong

Transformers serve as the foundational architecture for large language and video generation models, such as GPT, BERT, SORA and their successors. Empirical studies have demonstrated that real-world data and learning tasks exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhaiming Shen , Alex Havrilla , Rongjie Lai , Alexander Cloninger , Wenjing Liao

In forecasting multiple time series, accounting for the individual features of each sequence can be challenging. To address this, modern deep learning methods for time series analysis combine a shared (global) model with local layers,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Luca Butera , Giovanni De Felice , Andrea Cini , Cesare Alippi

Transformers have recently been shown to be capable of reliably performing logical reasoning over facts and rules expressed in natural language, but abductive reasoning - inference to the best explanation of an unexpected observation - has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-24 Nathan Young , Qiming Bao , Joshua Bensemann , Michael Witbrock

Natural language processing (NLP) tasks tend to suffer from a paucity of suitably annotated training data, hence the recent success of transfer learning across a wide variety of them. The typical recipe involves: (i) training a deep,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-11 Lyan Verwimp , Jerome R. Bellegarda

Trained ML models are commonly embedded in optimization problems. In many cases, this leads to large-scale NLPs that are difficult to solve to global optimality. While ML models frequently lead to large problems, they also exhibit…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-01-17 Artur M. Schweidtmann , Dominik Bongartz , Alexander Mitsos

We formally define algorithmic capture of combinatorial tasks as the ability of a transformer to extrapolate to arbitrary task sizes with controllable error and logarithmic sample adaptation, providing a sharp scaling criterion for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Orit Davidovich , Zohar Ringel

Robots need to be able to adapt to unexpected changes in the environment such that they can autonomously succeed in their tasks. However, hand-designing feedback models for adaptation is tedious, if at all possible, making data-driven…

Agents trained with deep reinforcement learning algorithms are capable of performing highly complex tasks including locomotion in continuous environments. We investigate transferring the learning acquired in one task to a set of previously…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Suzan Ece Ada , Emre Ugur , H. Levent Akin

Transformer-based language models excel at both recall (retrieving memorized facts) and reasoning (performing multi-step inference), but whether these abilities rely on distinct internal mechanisms remains unclear. Distinguishing recall…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Harshwardhan Fartale , Ashish Kattamuri , Rahul Raja , Arpita Vats , Ishita Prasad , Akshata Kishore Moharir