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Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly exposed to data contamination, i.e., performance gains driven by prior exposure of test datasets rather than generalization. However, in the context of tabular data, this problem is largely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Matteo Silvestri , Fabiano Veglianti , Flavio Giorgi , Fabrizio Silvestri , Gabriele Tolomei

The opacity in developing large language models (LLMs) is raising growing concerns about the potential contamination of public benchmarks in the pre-training data. Existing contamination detection methods are typically based on the text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Feng Yao , Yufan Zhuang , Zihao Sun , Sunan Xu , Animesh Kumar , Jingbo Shang

Although large language models (LLMs) have advanced the state-of-the-art in NLP significantly, deploying them for downstream applications is still challenging due to cost, responsiveness, control, or concerns around privacy and security. As…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Dong-Ho Lee , Jay Pujara , Mohit Sewak , Ryen W. White , Sujay Kumar Jauhar

In the rapidly evolving domain of artificial intelligence, safeguarding the intellectual property of Large Language Models (LLMs) is increasingly crucial. Current watermarking techniques against model extraction attacks, which rely on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Minhao Bai , Kaiyi Pang , Yongfeng Huang

Autonomous Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly deployed to conduct complex tasks by interacting with external tools, APIs, and memory stores. However, processing untrusted external data exposes these agents to severe security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yuandao Cai , Wensheng Tang , Cheng Wen , Shengchao Qin

With the rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) and their ubiquitous deployment in diverse domains, measuring language model behavior on realistic data is imperative. For example, a company deploying a client-facing chatbot must ensure that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Neel Jain , Khalid Saifullah , Yuxin Wen , John Kirchenbauer , Manli Shu , Aniruddha Saha , Micah Goldblum , Jonas Geiping , Tom Goldstein

Large Language Models (LLM) alignment aims to prevent models from producing content that misaligns with human expectations, which can lead to ethical and legal concerns. In the last few years, Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Biao Liu , Ning Xu , Xin Geng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities, yet their deployment is frequently undermined by undesirable behaviors such as generating harmful content, factual inaccuracies, and societal biases. Diagnosing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Zhe Li , Wei Zhao , Yige Li , Jun Sun

In real-world NLP applications, Large Language Models (LLMs) offer promising solutions due to their extensive training on vast datasets. However, the large size and high computation demands of LLMs limit their practicality in many…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Juanhui Li , Sreyashi Nag , Hui Liu , Xianfeng Tang , Sheikh Sarwar , Limeng Cui , Hansu Gu , Suhang Wang , Qi He , Jiliang Tang

LLM API calls are becoming a ubiquitous program construct, yet they create a boundary that no existing program analysis can cross: runtime values enter a natural-language prompt, undergo opaque processing inside the LLM, and re-emerge as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Zihao Xu , Xiao Cheng , Ruijie Meng , Yuekang Li

Recently, the powerful large language models (LLMs) have been instrumental in propelling the progress of recommender systems (RS). However, while these systems have flourished, their susceptibility to security threats has been largely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Jinghao Zhang , Yuting Liu , Qiang Liu , Shu Wu , Guibing Guo , Liang Wang

Automated privacy audits of web and mobile applications often analyse outbound HTTP traffic to detect Personally Identifiable Information (PII) leakage. However, existing learning-based detectors typically depend on scarce, manually…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Thomas Cory , Axel Küpper

The last two years have seen a rapid growth in concerns around the safety of large language models (LLMs). Researchers and practitioners have met these concerns by creating an abundance of datasets for evaluating and improving LLM safety.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Paul Röttger , Fabio Pernisi , Bertie Vidgen , Dirk Hovy

With the rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) in recent years, abundant new opportunities are emerging, but also new challenges, among which contamination is quickly becoming critical. Business applications and fundraising in Artificial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Mathieu Ravaut , Bosheng Ding , Fangkai Jiao , Hailin Chen , Xingxuan Li , Ruochen Zhao , Chengwei Qin , Caiming Xiong , Shafiq Joty

Large Language Model (LLM) has demonstrated significant ability in various Natural Language Processing tasks. However, their effectiveness is highly dependent on the phrasing of the task prompt, leading to research on automatic prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Moxin Li , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng , Yixin Cao , Jizhi Zhang , Tat-Seng Chua

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited remarkable emergent capabilities through extensive pre-training, they still face critical limitations in generalizing to specialized domains and handling diverse linguistic variations, known…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Jinwu Hu , Zhitian Zhang , Guohao Chen , Xutao Wen , Chao Shuai , Wei Luo , Bin Xiao , Yuanqing Li , Mingkui Tan

Large language models (LLMs) have recently been proposed as general-purpose agents for experimental design, with claims that they can perform in-context experimental design. We evaluate this hypothesis using both open- and closed-source…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Rushil Gupta , Jason Hartford , Bang Liu

Adopting a two-stage paradigm of pretraining followed by fine-tuning, Pretrained Language Models (PLMs) have achieved substantial advancements in the field of natural language processing. However, in real-world scenarios, data labels are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Song Wang , Zhen Tan , Ruocheng Guo , Jundong Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown greatly enhanced performance in recent years, attributed to increased size and extensive training data. This advancement has led to widespread interest and adoption across industries and the public.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Victoria Smith , Ali Shahin Shamsabadi , Carolyn Ashurst , Adrian Weller

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in sensitive domains including healthcare, legal services, and confidential communications, where privacy is paramount. This paper introduces Whisper Leak, a side-channel attack that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Geoff McDonald , Jonathan Bar Or
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