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Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) is still a challenging problem because it must deal with two important difficulties: the variability among writing styles, and the scarcity of labelled data. To alleviate such problems, synthetic data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-05-28 Lei Kang , Marçal Rusiñol , Alicia Fornés , Pau Riba , Mauricio Villegas

We propose a novel transformer-based styled handwritten text image generation approach, HWT, that strives to learn both style-content entanglement as well as global and local writing style patterns. The proposed HWT captures the long and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-06 Ankan Kumar Bhunia , Salman Khan , Hisham Cholakkal , Rao Muhammad Anwer , Fahad Shahbaz Khan , Mubarak Shah

Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) under limited labeled data remains a challenging problem, particularly for Arabic-script languages. Although modern sequence-based recognizers perform well in high-resource settings, their accuracy…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Sana Al-azzawi , Elisa Barney , Marcus Liwicki

There are many difficulties facing a handwritten Arabic recognition system such as unlimited variation in human handwriting, similarities of distinct character shapes, interconnections of neighbouring characters and their position in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2014-02-27 Ahmed Sahlol , Cheng Suen

Handwritten character recognition has been the center of research and a benchmark problem in the sector of pattern recognition and artificial intelligence, and it continues to be a challenging research topic. Due to its enormous application…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-09 Akm Ashiquzzaman , Abdul Kawsar Tushar , Md Ashiqur Rahman

Handwritten text recognition is an open problem of great interest in the area of automatic document image analysis. The transcription of handwritten content present in digitized documents is significant in analyzing historical archives or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Jorge Sueiras

Despite Bengali being the sixth most spoken language in the world, handwritten text recognition (HTR) systems for Bengali remain severely underdeveloped. The complexity of Bengali script--featuring conjuncts, diacritics, and highly variable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Md. Mahmudul Hasan , Ahmed Nesar Tahsin Choudhury , Mahmudul Hasan , Md. Mosaddek Khan

Offline Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) systems play a crucial role in applications such as historical document digitization, automatic form processing, and biometric authentication. However, their performance is often hindered by the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Yassin Hussein Rassul , Aram M. Ahmed , Polla Fattah , Bryar A. Hassan , Arwaa W. Abdulkareem , Tarik A. Rashid , Joan Lu

Building robust recognizers for Arabic has always been challenging. We demonstrate the effectiveness of an end-to-end trainable CNN-RNN hybrid architecture in recognizing Arabic text in videos and natural scenes. We outperform previous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-11-08 Mohit Jain , Minesh Mathew , C. V. Jawahar

Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) has wide applications in human-machine interaction scenarios, such as digitized education and automated offices. Recently, sequence-based models with encoder-decoder architectures have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Tongkun Guan , Chengyu Lin , Wei Shen , Xiaokang Yang

Handwriting recognition has seen significant success with the use of deep learning. However, a persistent shortcoming of neural networks is that they are not well-equipped to deal with shifting data distributions. In the field of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-31 Tobias van der Werff , Maruf A. Dhali , Lambert Schomaker

Tashkeel, or Arabic Text Diacritization (ATD), greatly enhances the comprehension of Arabic text by removing ambiguity and minimizing the risk of misinterpretations caused by its absence. It plays a crucial role in improving Arabic text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Faris Alasmary , Orjuwan Zaafarani , Ahmad Ghannam

State-of-the-art handwritten text recognition (HTR) systems commonly use Transformers, whose growing key-value (KV) cache makes decoding slow and memory-intensive. We introduce DRetHTR, a decoder-only model built on Retentive Networks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Changhun Kim , Martin Mayr , Thomas Gorges , Fei Wu , Mathias Seuret , Andreas Maier , Vincent Christlein

Arabic handwriting is a consonantal and cursive writing. The analysis of Arabic script is further complicated due to obligatory dots/strokes that are placed above or below most letters and usually written delayed in order. Due to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-10-20 Ibrahim Abdelaziz , Sherif Abdou , Hassanin Al-Barhamtoshy

Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) is an open problem at the intersection of Computer Vision and Natural Language Processing. The main challenges, when dealing with historical manuscripts, are due to the preservation of the paper support,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Silvia Cascianelli , Vittorio Pippi , Martin Maarand , Marcella Cornia , Lorenzo Baraldi , Christopher Kermorvant , Rita Cucchiara

We present the Manuscripts of Handwritten Arabic~(Muharaf) dataset, which is a machine learning dataset consisting of more than 1,600 historic handwritten page images transcribed by experts in archival Arabic. Each document image is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Mehreen Saeed , Adrian Chan , Anupam Mijar , Joseph Moukarzel , Georges Habchi , Carlos Younes , Amin Elias , Chau-Wai Wong , Akram Khater

Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) for Arabic-script languages benefits from cross-language joint training under low-resource conditions, particularly when using CRNN-based models that combine convolutional encoders with sequence modeling.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Sana Al-azzawi , Chang Liu , Nudrat Habib , Elisa Barney , Marcus Liwicki

Recognizing emotions from speech using machine learning has become an active research area due to its importance in building human-centered applications. However, while many studies have been conducted in English, German, and other European…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Youcef Soufiane Gheffari , Oussama Mustapha Benouddane , Samiya Silarbi

This article focuses on the transcription of medieval manuscripts. Whereas problems of transcription have long interested medievalists, few workable options in the era of printed editions were available besides normalisation. The automation…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Estelle Guéville , David Joseph Wrisley

The digitization of historical manuscripts presents significant challenges for Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) systems, particularly when dealing with small, author-specific collections that diverge from the training data distributions.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Vittorio Pippi , Konstantina Nikolaidou , Silvia Cascianelli , George Retsinas , Giorgos Sfikas , Rita Cucchiara , Marcus Liwicki