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We develop a rigorous framework for extending neural operators to handle out-of-distribution input functions. We leverage kernel approximation techniques and provide theory for characterizing the input-output function spaces in terms of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Blaine Quackenbush , Paul J. Atzberger

We develop a novel computational framework to approximate solution operators of evolution partial differential equations (PDEs). By employing a general nonlinear reduced-order model, such as a deep neural network, to approximate the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-11-13 Nathan Gaby , Xiaojing Ye , Haomin Zhou

In this paper, we considered the problem of the simultaneous approximation of a function and its derivatives by means of the well-known neural network (NN) operators activated by sigmoidal function. Other than a uniform convergence theorem…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2025-02-25 Marco Cantarini , Danilo Costarelli

We derive upper bounds on the complexity of ReLU neural networks approximating the solution maps of parametric partial differential equations. In particular, without any knowledge of its concrete shape, we use the inherent…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-05-15 Gitta Kutyniok , Philipp Petersen , Mones Raslan , Reinhold Schneider

Kernel-based approach to operator approximation for partial differential equations has been shown to be unconditionally stable for linear PDEs and numerically exhibit unconditional stability for non-linear PDEs. These methods have the same…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-11-25 Andrew Christlieb , Sining Gong , Hyoseon Yang

The classical development of neural networks has primarily focused on learning mappings between finite-dimensional Euclidean spaces. Recently, this has been generalized to neural operators that learn mappings between function spaces. For…

Partial differential equations (PDEs) underpin the modeling of many natural and engineered systems. It can be convenient to express such models as neural PDEs rather than using traditional numerical PDE solvers by replacing part or all of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Sanket Jantre , Deepak Akhare , Zhiyuan Wang , Xiaoning Qian , Nathan M. Urban

We develop a framework for estimating unknown partial differential equations from noisy data, using a deep learning approach. Given noisy samples of a solution to an unknown PDE, our method interpolates the samples using a neural network,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-24 Ali Hasan , João M. Pereira , Robert Ravier , Sina Farsiu , Vahid Tarokh

Pretraining for partial differential equation (PDE) modeling has recently shown promise in scaling neural operators across datasets to improve generalizability and performance. Despite these advances, our understanding of how pretraining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Anthony Zhou , Cooper Lorsung , AmirPouya Hemmasian , Amir Barati Farimani

Deep neural operators can learn nonlinear mappings between infinite-dimensional function spaces via deep neural networks. As promising surrogate solvers of partial differential equations (PDEs) for real-time prediction, deep neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Min Zhu , Handi Zhang , Anran Jiao , George Em Karniadakis , Lu Lu

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have recently emerged as effective tools for approximating solution operators of partial differential equations (PDEs) including evolutionary problems. Classical numerical solvers for such PDEs often face…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-05 Ke Chen , Meenakshi Krishnan , Haizhao Yang

A large class of hyperbolic and advection-dominated PDEs can have solutions with discontinuities. This paper investigates, both theoretically and empirically, the operator learning of PDEs with discontinuous solutions. We rigorously prove,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Samuel Lanthaler , Roberto Molinaro , Patrik Hadorn , Siddhartha Mishra

In this paper we introduce a multilevel Picard approximation algorithm for general semilinear parabolic PDEs with gradient-dependent nonlinearities whose coefficient functions do not need to be constant. We also provide a full convergence…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-02-19 Ariel Neufeld , Sizhou Wu

Can neural networks learn to solve partial differential equations (PDEs)? We investigate this question for two (systems of) PDEs, namely, the Poisson equation and the steady Navier--Stokes equations. The contributions of this paper are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-16 Tim Dockhorn

In a recent article, we presented a framework to control nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) by means of Koopman operator based reduced models and concepts from switched systems. The main idea was to transform a control system…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-05-15 Sebastian Peitz

Neural operators are a popular technique in scientific machine learning to learn a mathematical model of the behavior of unknown physical systems from data. Neural operators are especially useful to learn solution operators associated with…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-08-05 Nicolas Boullé , Seick Kim , Tianyi Shi , Alex Townsend

A primary challenge of physics-informed machine learning (PIML) is its generalization beyond the training domain, especially when dealing with complex physical problems represented by partial differential equations (PDEs). This paper aims…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Taniya Kapoor , Abhishek Chandra , Daniel M. Tartakovsky , Hongrui Wang , Alfredo Nunez , Rolf Dollevoet

Recently, deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have proven to be successful when employed in areas such as reduced order modeling of parametrized PDEs. Despite their accuracy and efficiency, the approaches available in the literature…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-01-26 Nicola Rares Franco , Stefania Fresca , Andrea Manzoni , Paolo Zunino

Fractional differential operators provide an attractive mathematical tool to model effects with limited regularity properties. Particular examples are image processing and phase field models in which jumps across lower dimensional subsets…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2017-08-24 Harbir Antil , Sören Bartels

Fourier Neural Operators are deep learning models that learn mappings between function spaces and can be used to learn and solve partial differential equations (PDEs), in some cases significantly faster than traditional PDE solvers. Within…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Michael F. Staddon