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Although state-of-the-art classifiers for facial expression recognition (FER) can achieve a high level of accuracy, they lack interpretability, an important feature for end-users. Experts typically associate spatial action units (\aus) from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Soufiane Belharbi , Marco Pedersoli , Alessandro Lameiras Koerich , Simon Bacon , Eric Granger

Dynamic Facial Expression Recognition(DFER) is a rapidly evolving field of research that focuses on the recognition of time-series facial expressions. While previous research on DFER has concentrated on feature learning from a deep learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Feng Liu , Lingna Gu , Chen Shi , Xiaolan Fu

Facial action units (AUs) are essential to decode human facial expressions. Researchers have focused on training AU detectors with a variety of features and classifiers. However, several issues remain. These are spatial representation,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-08-03 Wen-Sheng Chu , Fernando De la Torre , Jeffrey F. Cohn

Facial expressions are combinations of basic components called Action Units (AU). Recognizing AUs is key for developing general facial expression analysis. In recent years, most efforts in automatic AU recognition have been dedicated to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-03-26 Ciprian A. Corneanu , Meysam Madadi , Sergio Escalera

Facial action units (AUs), as defined in the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), have received significant research interest owing to their diverse range of applications in facial state analysis. Current mainstream FAU recognition models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Xuri Ge , Junchen Fu , Fuhai Chen , Shan An , Nicu Sebe , Joemon M. Jose

Facial expression recognition (FER) has emerged as a promising approach to the development of emotion-aware intelligent agents and systems. However, key challenges remain in utilizing FER in real-world contexts, including ensuring user…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Sanjeev Nahulanthran , Leimin Tian , Dana Kulić , Mor Vered

Detecting action units (AUs) on human faces is challenging because various AUs make subtle facial appearance change over various regions at different scales. Current works have attempted to recognize AUs by emphasizing important regions.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Chen Ma , Li Chen , Junhai Yong

The intensity estimation of facial action units (AUs) is challenging due to subtle changes in the person's facial appearance. Previous approaches mainly rely on probabilistic models or predefined rules for modeling co-occurrence…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-22 Yingruo Fan , Jacqueline C. K. Lam , Victor O. K. Li

Detecting facial action units (AU) is one of the fundamental steps in automatic recognition of facial expression of emotions and cognitive states. Though there have been a variety of approaches proposed for this task, most of these models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-11-28 Mihee Lee , Ognjen Rudovic , Vladimir Pavlovic , Maja Pantic

In this paper an accurate real-time sequence-based system for representation, recognition, interpretation, and analysis of the facial action units (AUs) and expressions is presented. Our system has the following characteristics: 1)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2010-04-06 Mahmoud Khademi , Mohammad Hadi Kiapour , Mohammad T. Manzuri-Shalmani , Ali A. Kiaei

Facial Action Units (AUs) represent a set of facial muscular activities and various combinations of AUs can represent a wide range of emotions. AU recognition is often used in many applications, including marketing, healthcare, education,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-09 Junya Saito , Xiaoyu Mi , Akiyoshi Uchida , Sachihiro Youoku , Takahisa Yamamoto , Kentaro Murase , Osafumi Nakayama

Recognizing human emotion/expressions automatically is quite an expected ability for intelligent robotics, as it can promote better communication and cooperation with humans. Current deep-learning-based algorithms may achieve impressive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-05 Tao Pu , Tianshui Chen , Yuan Xie , Hefeng Wu , Liang Lin

Current works formulate facial action unit (AU) recognition as a supervised learning problem, requiring fully AU-labeled facial images during training. It is challenging if not impossible to provide AU annotations for large numbers of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Shangfei Wang , Yanan Chang , Guozhu Peng , Bowen Pan

Action Units (AUs) are geometrically-based atomic facial muscle movements known to produce appearance changes at specific facial locations. Motivated by this observation we propose a novel AU modelling problem that consists of jointly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-15 Ioanna Ntinou , Enrique Sanchez , Adrian Bulat , Michel Valstar , Georgios Tzimiropoulos

Studies have proven that domain bias and label bias exist in different Facial Expression Recognition (FER) datasets, making it hard to improve the performance of a specific dataset by adding other datasets. For the FER bias issue, recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Shuyi Mao , Xinpeng Li , Qingyang Wu , Xiaojiang Peng

This paper presents our Facial Action Units (AUs) detection submission to the fifth Affective Behavior Analysis in-the-wild Competition (ABAW). Our approach consists of three main modules: (i) a pre-trained facial representation encoder…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Zihan Wang , Siyang Song , Cheng Luo , Yuzhi Zhou , Shiling Wu , Weicheng Xie , Linlin Shen

Micro-Expression Recognition (MER) is a challenging task as the subtle changes occur over different action regions of a face. Changes in facial action regions are formed as Action Units (AUs), and AUs in micro-expressions can be seen as the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Ling Zhou , Qirong Mao , Ming Dong

Facial action unit (AU) recognition is a crucial task for facial expressions analysis and has attracted extensive attention in the field of artificial intelligence and computer vision. Existing works have either focused on designing or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-23 Guanbin Li , Xin Zhu , Yirui Zeng , Qing Wang , Liang Lin

Bringing empathy to a computerized system could significantly improve the quality of human-computer communications, as soon as machines would be able to understand customer intentions and better serve their needs. According to different…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-04 Kamil Akhmetov

Facial action unit (AU) detection and facial expression (FE) recognition can be jointly viewed as affective facial behavior tasks, representing fine-grained muscular activations and coarse-grained holistic affective states, respectively.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jia Li , Yu Zhang , Yin Chen , Zhenzhen Hu , Yong Li , Richang Hong , Shiguang Shan , Meng Wang
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