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Despite the success of deep neural networks on facial action unit (AU) detection, better performance depends on a large number of training images with accurate AU annotations. However, labeling AU is time-consuming, expensive, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-17 Yong Li , Shiguang Shan

Facial Action Unit (AU) detection is a crucial task in affective computing and social robotics as it helps to identify emotions expressed through facial expressions. Anatomically, there are innumerable correlations between AUs, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Xin Liu , Kaishen Yuan , Xuesong Niu , Jingang Shi , Zitong Yu , Huanjing Yue , Jingyu Yang

People naturally understand emotions, thus permitting a machine to do the same could open new paths for human-computer interaction. Facial expressions can be very useful for emotion recognition techniques, as these are the biggest…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Pietro B. S. Masur , Willams Costa , Lucas S. Figueredo , Veronica Teichrieb

Facial Expression Recognition (FER) in the wild is extremely challenging due to occlusions, variant head poses, face deformation and motion blur under unconstrained conditions. Although substantial progresses have been made in automatic FER…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Fuyan Ma , Bin Sun , Shutao Li

Current Facial Action Unit (FAU) detection methods generally encounter difficulties due to the scarcity of labeled video training data and the limited number of training face IDs, which renders the trained feature extractor insufficient…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Qiaoqiao Jin , Rui Shi , Yishun Dou , Bingbing Ni

As artificial intelligence (AI) systems become increasingly embedded in our daily life, the ability to recognize and adapt to human emotions is essential for effective human-computer interaction. Facial expression recognition (FER) provides…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Thibault Geoffroy , Myriam Maumy , Lionel Prevost

This paper proposes a supervised learning approach to jointly perform facial Action Unit (AU) localisation and intensity estimation. Contrary to previous works that try to learn an unsupervised representation of the Action Unit regions, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-07-23 Enrique Sanchez-Lozano , Georgios Tzimiropoulos , Michel Valstar

Facial Action Coding System consists of 44 action units (AUs) and more than 7000 combinations. Hidden Markov models (HMMs) classifier has been used successfully to recognize facial action units (AUs) and expressions due to its ability to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2010-04-06 Mahmoud Khademi , Mohammad T. Manzuri-Shalmani , Mohammad H. Kiapour , Ali A. Kiaei

Over the past decades the machine and deep learning community has celebrated great achievements in challenging tasks such as image classification. The deep architecture of artificial neural networks together with the plenitude of available…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Jessica Deuschel , Bettina Finzel , Ines Rieger

Human facial action units (AUs) are mutually related in a hierarchical manner, as not only they are associated with each other in both spatial and temporal domains but also AUs located in the same/close facial regions show stronger…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Zihan Wang , Siyang Song , Cheng Luo , Songhe Deng , Weicheng Xie , Linlin Shen

Automatically understanding emotions from visual data is a fundamental task for human behaviour understanding. While models devised for Facial Expression Recognition (FER) have demonstrated excellent performances on many datasets, they…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Alessandro Conti , Paolo Rota , Yiming Wang , Elisa Ricci

Facial expression transfer between two unpaired images is a challenging problem, as fine-grained expression is typically tangled with other facial attributes. Most existing methods treat expression transfer as an application of expression…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-16 Zhiwen Shao , Hengliang Zhu , Junshu Tang , Xuequan Lu , Lizhuang Ma

Facial Expression Recognition (FER) is an important task in computer vision and has wide applications in human-computer interaction, intelligent security, emotion analysis, and other fields. However, the limited size of FER datasets limits…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Jun Yu , Zhongpeng Cai , Renda Li , Gongpeng Zhao , Guochen Xie , Jichao Zhu , Wangyuan Zhu

Patient pain can be detected highly reliably from facial expressions using a set of facial muscle-based action units (AUs) defined by the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). A key characteristic of facial expression of pain is the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-02-21 Zhanli Chen , Rashid Ansari , Diana J. Wilkie

Employing deep learning-based approaches for fine-grained facial expression analysis, such as those involving the estimation of Action Unit (AU) intensities, is difficult due to the lack of a large-scale dataset of real faces with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-05-31 Zhilei Liu , Guoxian Song , Jianfei Cai , Tat-Jen Cham , Juyong Zhang

Facial expression recognition (FER) is an essential task for understanding human behaviors. As one of the most informative behaviors of humans, facial expressions are often compound and variable, which is manifested by the fact that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Hanting Li , Hongjing Niu , Zhaoqing Zhu , Feng Zhao

Facial action units (AUs) recognition is essential for emotion analysis and has been widely applied in mental state analysis. Existing work on AU recognition usually requires big face dataset with AU labels; however, manual AU annotation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-24 Xuesong Niu , Hu Han , Shiguang Shan , Xilin Chen

Facial expression recognition(FER) in the wild is crucial for building reliable human-computer interactive systems. However, current FER systems fail to perform well under various natural and un-controlled conditions. This report presents…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Darshan Gera , S Balasubramanian

Recently how to introduce large amounts of unlabeled facial images in the wild into supervised Facial Action Unit (AU) detection frameworks has become a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a new AU detection framework where…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Ziqiao Shang , Li Yu

As a critical psychological stress response, micro-expressions (MEs) are fleeting and subtle facial movements revealing genuine emotions. Automatic ME recognition (MER) holds valuable applications in fields such as criminal investigation…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Shifeng Liu , Xinglong Mao , Sirui Zhao , Peiming Li , Tong Xu , Enhong Chen