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This paper challenges the dominance of continuous pipelines in visual generation. We systematically investigate the performance gap between discrete and continuous methods. Contrary to the belief that discrete tokenizers are intrinsically…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Qihang Yu , Qihao Liu , Ju He , Xinyang Zhang , Yang Liu , Liang-Chieh Chen , Xi Chen

Inspired by the remarkable success of autoregressive models in language modeling, this paradigm has been widely adopted in visual generation. However, the sequential token-by-token decoding mechanism inherent in traditional autoregressive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Siyang Wang , Hanting Li , Wei Li , Jie Hu , Xinghao Chen , Feng Zhao

Watermarking the outputs of generative models has emerged as a promising approach for tracking their provenance. Despite significant interest in autoregressive image generation models and their potential for misuse, no prior work has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Nikola Jovanović , Ismail Labiad , Tomáš Souček , Martin Vechev , Pierre Fernandez

We present a new perspective of achieving image synthesis by viewing this task as a visual token generation problem. Different from existing paradigms that directly synthesize a full image from a single input (e.g., a latent code), the new…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-21 Yanhong Zeng , Huan Yang , Hongyang Chao , Jianbo Wang , Jianlong Fu

Visual tokenization remains a core challenge in unifying visual understanding and generation within the autoregressive paradigm. Existing methods typically employ tokenizers in discrete latent spaces to align with the tokens from large…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Ziyuan Huang , DanDan Zheng , Cheng Zou , Rui Liu , Xiaolong Wang , Kaixiang Ji , Weilong Chai , Jianxin Sun , Libin Wang , Yongjie Lv , Taozhi Huang , Jiajia Liu , Qingpei Guo , Ming Yang , Jingdong Chen , Jun Zhou

The differing representation spaces required for visual understanding and generation pose a challenge in unifying them within the autoregressive paradigm of large language models. A vision tokenizer trained for reconstruction excels at…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Wei Song , Yuran Wang , Zijia Song , Yadong Li , Zenan Zhou , Long Chen , Jianhua Xu , Jiaqi Wang , Kaicheng Yu

Current vision systems typically assign fixed-length representations to images, regardless of the information content. This contrasts with human intelligence - and even large language models - which allocate varying representational…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Shivam Duggal , Phillip Isola , Antonio Torralba , William T. Freeman

Existing autoregressive (AR) image generative models use a token-by-token generation schema. That is, they predict a per-token probability distribution and sample the next token from that distribution. The main challenge is how to model the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Qinyu Zhao , Stephen Gould , Liang Zheng

Visual tokenization via auto-encoding empowers state-of-the-art image and video generative models by compressing pixels into a latent space. Although scaling Transformer-based generators has been central to recent advances, the tokenizer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Philippe Hansen-Estruch , David Yan , Ching-Yao Chung , Orr Zohar , Jialiang Wang , Tingbo Hou , Tao Xu , Sriram Vishwanath , Peter Vajda , Xinlei Chen

Autoregressive (AR) video generative models rely on video tokenizers that compress pixels into discrete token sequences. The length of these token sequences is crucial for balancing reconstruction quality against downstream generation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Tianwei Xiong , Jun Hao Liew , Zilong Huang , Zhijie Lin , Jiashi Feng , Xihui Liu

Autoregressive music generation depends strongly on the audio tokenizer. Existing high-fidelity codecs often use residual multi-codebook quantization, which preserves reconstruction quality but complicates language modeling after sequence…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Yuqing Cheng , Xingyu Ma , Guochen Yu , Xiaotao Gu

Recently, Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown remarkable effectiveness for multi-modal tasks due to their abilities to generate and understand cross-modal data. However, processing long sequences of visual tokens extracted…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Haicheng Wang , Zhemeng Yu , Gabriele Spadaro , Chen Ju , Victor Quétu , Shuai Xiao , Enzo Tartaglione

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) extend the success of language models to visual understanding, and recent efforts have sought to build unified MLLMs that support both understanding and generation. However, constructing such models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Hanyu Wang , Jiaming Han , Ziyan Yang , Qi Zhao , Shanchuan Lin , Xiangyu Yue , Abhinav Shrivastava , Zhenheng Yang , Hao Chen

Image tokenizers form the foundation of modern text-to-image generative models but are notoriously difficult to train. Furthermore, most existing text-to-image models rely on large-scale, high-quality private datasets, making them…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Dongwon Kim , Ju He , Qihang Yu , Chenglin Yang , Xiaohui Shen , Suha Kwak , Liang-Chieh Chen

Visual tokenizers play a crucial role in diffusion models. The dimensionality of latent space governs both reconstruction fidelity and the semantic expressiveness of the latent feature. However, a fundamental trade-off is inherent between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Qingyu Shi , Size Wu , Jinbin Bai , Kaidong Yu , Yujing Wang , Yunhai Tong , Xiangtai Li , Xuelong Li

Autoregressive transformers have revolutionized high-fidelity image generation. One crucial ingredient lies in the tokenizer, which compresses high-resolution image patches into manageable discrete tokens with a scanning or hierarchical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Jinzhi Zhang , Feng Xiong , Mu Xu

Modern Latent Diffusion Models (LDMs) typically operate in low-level Variational Autoencoder (VAE) latent spaces that are primarily optimized for pixel-level reconstruction. To unify vision generation and understanding, a burgeoning trend…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Shilong Zhang , He Zhang , Zhifei Zhang , Chongjian Ge , Shuchen Xue , Shaoteng Liu , Mengwei Ren , Soo Ye Kim , Yuqian Zhou , Qing Liu , Daniil Pakhomov , Kai Zhang , Zhe Lin , Ping Luo

Autoregressive (AR) models have reformulated image generation as next-token prediction, demonstrating remarkable potential and emerging as strong competitors to diffusion models. However, control-to-image generation, akin to ControlNet,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Zongming Li , Tianheng Cheng , Shoufa Chen , Peize Sun , Haocheng Shen , Longjin Ran , Xiaoxin Chen , Wenyu Liu , Xinggang Wang

Tokenization is a key component of autoregressive (AR) generative models, converting raw data into more manageable units for modeling. Commonly, tokens describe local information, such as regions of pixels in images or word pieces in text,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Zhitong Gao , Parham Rezaei , Ali Cy , Mingqiao Ye , Nataša Jovanović , Jesse Allardice , Afshin Dehghan , Amir Zamir , Roman Bachmann , Oğuzhan Fatih Kar

Visual tokenizers play a central role in latent image generation by bridging high-dimensional images and tractable generative modeling. However, most existing tokenizers are still trained with reconstruction-dominated objectives, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Qingfeng Li , Haoxian Zhang , Xu He , Songlin Tang , Zhixue Fang , Xiaoqiang Liu , Pengfei Wan Guoqi Li