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Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is widely used to reveal heterogeneity in cells, which has given us insights into cell-cell communication, cell differentiation, and differential gene expression. However, analyzing scRNA-seq data is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Yuta Hozumi , Gu-Wei Wei

This work considers large-data asymptotics for t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE), a widely-used non-linear dimension reduction algorithm. We identify an appropriate continuum limit of the tSNE objective function, which can…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-10-18 Ryan Murray , Adam Pickarski

t-distributed Stochastic Neighborhood Embedding (t-SNE), a clustering and visualization method proposed by van der Maaten & Hinton in 2008, has rapidly become a standard tool in a number of natural sciences. Despite its overwhelming…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-09 George C. Linderman , Stefan Steinerberger

t-SNE is a popular tool for embedding multi-dimensional datasets into two or three dimensions. However, it has a large computational cost, especially when the input data has many dimensions. Many use t-SNE to embed the output of a neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-04 Rikhav Shah , Sandeep Silwal

Dimensionality reduction methods such as t-SNE and UMAP are popular methods for visualizing data with a potential (latent) clustered structure. They are known to group data points at the same time as they embed them, resulting in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Elizabeth Coda , Ery Arias-Castro , Gal Mishne

Ultrasound Strain Elastography (USE) is a powerful non-invasive imaging technique for assessing tissue mechanical properties, offering crucial diagnostic value across diverse clinical applications. However, its clinical application remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Shourov Joarder , Tushar Talukder Showrav , Md. Kamrul Hasan

We present GraphTSNE, a novel visualization technique for graph-structured data based on t-SNE. The growing interest in graph-structured data increases the importance of gaining human insight into such datasets by means of visualization.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-24 Yao Yang Leow , Thomas Laurent , Xavier Bresson

Dimension reduction, widely used in science, maps high-dimensional data into low-dimensional space. We investigate a basic mathematical model underlying the techniques of stochastic neighborhood embedding (SNE) and its popular variant…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-26 Ben Weinkove

The t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) has emerged as a popular dimensionality reduction technique for visualizing high-dimensional data. It computes pairwise similarities between data points by default using an RBF kernel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Sarwan Ali , Prakash Chourasia , Haris Mansoor , Bipin koirala , Murray Patterson

Embedding and visualizing large-scale high-dimensional data in a two-dimensional space is an important problem since such visualization can reveal deep insights out of complex data. Most of the existing embedding approaches, however, run on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-06 Minjeong Kim , Minsuk Choi , Sunwoong Lee , Jian Tang , Haesun Park , Jaegul Choo

Biomedical research often produces high-dimensional data confounded by batch effects such as systematic experimental variations, different protocols and subject identifiers. Without proper correction, low-dimensional representation of…

We consider the mobile localization problem in future millimeter-wave wireless networks with distributed Base Stations (BSs) based on multi-antenna channel state information (CSI). For this problem, we propose a Semi-supervised tdistributed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Junquan Deng , Wei Shi , Jian Hu , Xianlong Jiao

Quantifying uncertainty in networks is an important step in modelling relationships and interactions between entities. We consider the challenge of bootstrapping an inhomogeneous random graph when only a single observation of the network is…

Computation · Statistics 2025-05-16 Emerald Dilworth , Ed Davis , Daniel J. Lawson

Non-linear dimensionality reduction (NLDR) methods such as t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding (t-SNE) are ubiquitous in the natural sciences, however, the appropriate use of these methods is difficult because of their complex…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2020-12-14 Stuart Lee , Ursula Laa , Dianne Cook

High-dimensional imaging is becoming increasingly relevant in many fields from astronomy and cultural heritage to systems biology. Visual exploration of such high-dimensional data is commonly facilitated by dimensionality reduction.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-04 Alexander Vieth , Anna Vilanova , Boudewijn Lelieveldt , Elmar Eisemann , Thomas Höllt

Neighbour embeddings (NE) allow the representation of high dimensional datasets into lower dimensional spaces and are often used in data visualisation. In practice, accelerated approximations are employed to handle very large datasets.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Pierre Lambert , Edouard Couplet , Michel Verleysen , John Aldo Lee

We introduce an improved unsupervised clustering protocol specially suited for large-scale structured data. The protocol follows three steps: a dimensionality reduction of the data, a density estimation over the low dimensional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Joan Garriga , Frederic Bartumeus

Across many scientific fields, measurements often represent the number of times an event occurs. For example, a document can be represented by word occurrence counts, neural activity by spike counts per time window, or online communication…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-21 Noga Mudrik , Adam S. Charles

Low-dimensional embeddings and visualizations are an indispensable tool for analysis of high-dimensional data. State-of-the-art methods, such as tSNE and UMAP, excel in unveiling local structures hidden in high-dimensional data and are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Jonas Fischer , Rebekka Burkholz , Jilles Vreeken

Neighbor embeddings are a family of methods for visualizing complex high-dimensional datasets using $k$NN graphs. To find the low-dimensional embedding, these algorithms combine an attractive force between neighboring pairs of points with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Jan Niklas Böhm , Philipp Berens , Dmitry Kobak