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Adaptive optimizers with decoupled weight decay, such as AdamW, are the de facto standard for pre-training large transformer-based generative models. Yet the quadratic nature of the $\ell_2$ penalty embedded in weight decay drives all…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Fu-Ming Guo , Yingfang Fan

Despite their overwhelming capacity to overfit, deep neural networks trained by specific optimization algorithms tend to generalize well to unseen data. Recently, researchers explained it by investigating the implicit regularization effect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-17 Bohan Wang , Qi Meng , Wei Chen , Tie-Yan Liu

Dropout and other feature noising schemes control overfitting by artificially corrupting the training data. For generalized linear models, dropout performs a form of adaptive regularization. Using this viewpoint, we show that the dropout…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2013-11-04 Stefan Wager , Sida Wang , Percy Liang

Despite superior training outcomes, adaptive optimization methods such as Adam, Adagrad or RMSprop have been found to generalize poorly compared to Stochastic gradient descent (SGD). These methods tend to perform well in the initial portion…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-12-21 Nitish Shirish Keskar , Richard Socher

We describe a framework for deriving and analyzing online optimization algorithms that incorporate adaptive, data-dependent regularization, also termed preconditioning. Such algorithms have been proven useful in stochastic optimization by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-21 Vineet Gupta , Tomer Koren , Yoram Singer

In this paper, we revisit stochastic gradient descent (SGD) with AdaGrad-type preconditioning. Our contributions are twofold. First, we develop a unified convergence analysis of SGD with adaptive preconditioning under anisotropic or matrix…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Dmitry Kovalev

Many previous proposals for adversarial training of deep neural nets have included di- rectly modifying the gradient, training on a mix of original and adversarial examples, using contractive penalties, and approximately optimizing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-08-01 Alexander G. Ororbia , C. Lee Giles , Daniel Kifer

L$_2$ regularization and weight decay regularization are equivalent for standard stochastic gradient descent (when rescaled by the learning rate), but as we demonstrate this is \emph{not} the case for adaptive gradient algorithms, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-08 Ilya Loshchilov , Frank Hutter

We investigate the use of regularized Newton methods with adaptive norms for optimizing neural networks. This approach can be seen as a second-order counterpart of adaptive gradient methods, which we here show to be interpretable as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Jonas Kohler , Leonard Adolphs , Aurelien Lucchi

Training large language models (LLMs) typically relies on adaptive optimizers like Adam (Kingma & Ba, 2015) which store additional state information to accelerate convergence but incur significant memory overhead. Recent efforts, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Meyer Scetbon , Chao Ma , Wenbo Gong , Edward Meeds

Adaptive gradient methods, which adopt historical gradient information to automatically adjust the learning rate, despite the nice property of fast convergence, have been observed to generalize worse than stochastic gradient descent (SGD)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-24 Jinghui Chen , Dongruo Zhou , Yiqi Tang , Ziyan Yang , Yuan Cao , Quanquan Gu

We introduce AdamS, a simple yet effective alternative to Adam for large language model (LLM) pretraining and post-training. By leveraging a novel denominator, i.e., the root of weighted sum of squares of the momentum and the current…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Huishuai Zhang , Bohan Wang , Luoxin Chen

Adaptive gradient methods have become popular in optimizing deep neural networks; recent examples include AdaGrad and Adam. Although Adam usually converges faster, variations of Adam, for instance, the AdaBelief algorithm, have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Kushal Chakrabarti , Nikhil Chopra

Optimization algorithms are core methods by which machine learning models iteratively minimize loss functions, update parameters, learn from data, and improve performance. Momentum SGD and AdamW represent two important optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Meng Zhu , Quan Xiao , Weidong Min

Adaptive optimization algorithms, such as Adam and RMSprop, have shown better optimization performance than stochastic gradient descent (SGD) in some scenarios. However, recent studies show that they often lead to worse generalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-19 Zijun Zhang , Lin Ma , Zongpeng Li , Chuan Wu

Stochastic gradient-based descent (SGD), have long been central to training large language models (LLMs). However, their effectiveness is increasingly being questioned, particularly in large-scale applications where empirical evidence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Di Zhang , Yihang Zhang

Adaptive methods such as Adam and RMSProp are widely used in deep learning but are not well understood. In this paper, we seek a crisp, clean and precise characterization of their behavior in nonconvex settings. To this end, we first…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-04 Matthew Staib , Sashank J. Reddi , Satyen Kale , Sanjiv Kumar , Suvrit Sra

Adaptive optimizers, such as Adam, have achieved remarkable success in deep learning. A key component of these optimizers is the so-called preconditioning matrix, providing enhanced gradient information and regulating the step size of each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Yun Yue , Zhiling Ye , Jiadi Jiang , Yongchao Liu , Ke Zhang

The success of deep learning can be attributed to various factors such as increase in computational power, large datasets, deep convolutional neural networks, optimizers etc. Particularly, the choice of optimizer affects the generalization,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Anirudh Maiya , Inumella Sricharan , Anshuman Pandey , Srinivas K. S

Machine learning and deep learning are widely researched fields that provide solutions to many modern problems. Due to the complexity of new problems related to the size of datasets, efficient approaches are obligatory. In optimization…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-01 Stepan Trifonov , Leonid Levin , Savelii Chezhegov , Aleksandr Beznosikov