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A hybrid transmitting and reflecting beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) design is proposed. Operating in the same aperture, frequency band and polarization, the proposed BD-RIS features independent beam steering…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-15 Zhaoyang Ming , Shanpu Shen , Junhui Rao , Zan Li , Jichen Zhang , Chi Yuk Chiu , Ross Murch

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) is a breakthrough technology enabling the dynamic control of the propagation environment in wireless communications through programmable surfaces. To improve the flexibility of conventional diagonal…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Matteo Nerini , Hongyu Li , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs) significantly improve wireless performance by allowing tunable interconnections among elements, but their design in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems has so far…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-13 Ignacio Santamaria , Mohammad Soleymani , Jesus Gutierrez , Eduard Jorswieck

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) offer a promising means of reshaping the wireless propagation environment, yet practical methods for configuring large passive arrays to achieve reliable signal equalization remain limited.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Gal Ben-Itzhak , Ender Ayanoglu

A beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) is an innovative type of reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) that has recently been proposed and is considered a revolutionary advancement in wave manipulation. Unlike the…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Abd Ullah Khan , Uman Khalid , Trung Q. Duong , Hyundong Shin

This paper studies multi-operator wireless communication systems aided by general reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), including both conventional single-connected RIS and beyond-diagonal RIS (BD-RIS). Specifically, we consider a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Zheyu Wu , Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx

We analyze the finite-block-length rate region of wireless systems aided by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), employing treating interference as noise. We consider three nearly passive RIS architectures, including locally passive…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-29 Mohammad Soleymani , Alessio Zappone , Eduard Jorswieck , Marco Di Renzo , Ignacio Santamaria

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs) are emerging as a transformative technology in wireless communications, enabling enhanced performance and quality of service (QoS) of wireless systems in harsh urban environments…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-12 Marko Fidanovski , Iván Alexander Morales Sandoval , Hyeon Seok Rou , Giuseppe Thadeu Freitas de Abreu , Emil Björnson

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) is a novel branch of RIS which breaks through the limitation of traditional RIS with diagonal scattering matrices. However, the existing research focuses on BD-RIS with fixed…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-21 Hongyu Li , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has emerged as an innovative and generalized RIS framework that provides greater flexibility in wave manipulation and enhanced coverage. In comparison to conventional RIS,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-24 Shreya Khisa , Ali Amhaz , Mohamed Elhattab , Chadi Assi , Sanaa Sharafeddine

We present the first experimental prototype of a reflective beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS), i.e., a RIS with reconfigurable inter-element connections. Our BD-RIS consists of an antenna array whose ports are…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-20 Jean Tapie , Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx , Philipp del Hougne

This paper introduces a novel approach to efficient localization in next-generation communication systems through a base station (BS)-enabled passive beamforming utilizing beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs).…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-21 Mahmoud Raeisi , Hui Chen , Henk Wymeersch , Ertugrul Basar

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is an emerging technology allowing to control the propagation environment in wireless communications. Recently, beyond diagonal RIS (BD-RIS) has been proposed to reach higher performance than…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided cell-free (CF) massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) is a promising technology for further improving spectral efficiency (SE) with low cost and power consumption. However, conventional…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Yizhuo Li , Jiakang Zheng , Bokai Xu , Yiyang Zhu , Jiayi Zhang , Dusit Niyato , Bo Ai

Beyond diagonal intelligent reflecting surface (BD-IRS) is a new promising IRS architecture for which the reflection matrix is not limited to the diagonal structure as for conventional IRS. In this paper, we study a BD-IRS aided uplink…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Shuo Zheng , Shuowen Zhang

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are two dimensional (2D) metasurfaces which can intelligently manipulate electromagnetic waves by low-cost near passive reflecting elements. RIS is viewed as a potential key technology for the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-07 Jie Huang , Cheng-Xiang Wang , Yingzhuo Sun , Rui Feng , Jialing Huang , Bolun Guo , Zhimeng Zhong , Tie Jun Cui

This paper presents a physics-based channel modeling and optimization framework for reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted downlink multi-user multiple-input single-output (MU-MISO) communication systems in site-specific…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Ziqi Liu , Wei Yu , Sean Victor Hum

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) represents a promising architecture for advancing millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications. However, its intricate inter-element connections invalidate the conventional decoupled…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-20 Linyu Peng , Tian Qiu , Cunhua Pan , Jiangzhou Wang , Taihao Zhang , Hong Ren

The reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is one of the promising technologies contributing to the next generation smart radio environment. A novel physics-based RIS channel model is proposed. Particularly, we consider the RIS and the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-04 Jiaqi Xu , Yuanwei Liu

This letter proposes a movable beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (MA-BD-RIS) design, combining inter-element connectivity and movability for channel enhancement. We study a MA-BD-RIS assisted multi-user multiple input…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-13 Shuyue Xu , Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx