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Scanning probe microscopy is one of the most versatile windows into the nanoworld, providing imaging access to a variety of sample properties, depending on the probe employed. Tunneling probes map electronic properties of samples, magnetic…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2015-01-09 Thomas Häberle , Dominik Schmid-Lorch , Friedemann Reinhard , Jörg Wrachtrup

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a key tool for characterising nanoscale structures, with functionalised tips now offering detailed images of the atomic structure. In parallel, AFM simulations using the particle probe model provide a…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-09-03 Jie Huang , Niko Oinonen , Fabio Priante , Filippo Federici Canova , Lauri Kurki , Chen Xu , Adam S. Foster

Self-assembly processes allow us to design and create complex nanostructures using molecules as building blocks and surfaces as scaffolds. This autonomous driven construction is possible due to a complex thermodynamic balance of…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2017-09-06 Sabrina Simoncelli , Yi Li , Emiliano Cortés , Stefan A. Maier

Physics-driven discovery in an autonomous experiment has emerged as a dream application of machine learning in physical sciences. Here we develop and experimentally implement a deep kernel learning workflow combining the correlative…

Materials Science · Physics 2022-11-24 Kevin M. Roccapriore , Sergei V. Kalinin , Maxim Ziatdinov

The nature of the atomic defects on the hydrogen passivated Si (100) surface is analyzed using deep learning and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). A robust deep learning framework capable of identifying atomic species, defects, in the…

Materials Science · Physics 2020-02-19 Maxim Ziatdinov , Udi Fuchs , James H. G. Owen , John N. Randall , Sergei V. Kalinin

This review explores the evolution of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) spectroscopy and sensing, transitioning from fundamental studies of adsorption-desorption kinetics to the sophisticated sensing with Electropolymerized Molecularly…

Materials Science · Physics 2026-02-24 Rigoberto Advincula , Jihua Chen

Optical nanoscopy is crucial in life and materials sciences, revealing subtle cellular processes and nanomaterial properties. Scattering-type Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy (s-SNOM) provides nanoscale resolution, relying on the…

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) with molecule-functionalized tips has emerged as the primary experimental technique for probing the atomic structure of organic molecules on surfaces. Most experiments have been limited to nearly planar…

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is ubiquitous in nanoscale science allowing the observation of features in real space down to the angstrom resolution. The scanning nature of SPM, wherein a sharp tip rasters the surface during which a…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2024-11-20 Maxime Le Ster , Sławomir Pawłowski , Iaroslav Lutsyk , Paweł Janusz Kowalczyk

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is now the primary tool for exploring functional materials on the atomic level. Often, features of interest are highly localized in specific regions in the material, such as ferroelectric…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-08-11 Nicole Creange , Ondrej Dyck , Rama K. Vasudevan , Maxim Ziatdinov , Sergei V. Kalinin

Real time computer control is an essential feature of scanning probe microscopes, which have become essential tools for the characterization and investigation of nanometer scale samples. Most commercial (and some open-source) scanning probe…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2013-01-24 Venkat Chandrasekhar , Manan Mehta

We report our design, development, installation and troubleshooting of an open source Gnome X Scanning Microscopy (GXSM) software package for controlling and processing of modern Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) system as a development tool…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2014-10-13 S. K. Suresh Babu , J. S. Devrenjith Singh , D. Jackuline Moni , D. Devaprakasam

Pseudo-heterodyne scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (sSNOM) is applied in the mid-infrared region to detect the chemical composition of biomolecules on the nanoscale. However, the application of sSNOM in molecular…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-08-06 Yusuke Sakiyama , Emanuel Pfitzner , Santiago H. Andany , Georg E. Fantner , Joachim Heberle

Graphene, a two-dimensional (2D) material with unique electronic properties, appears to be an ideal object for the application of surface-science methods. Among them, a family of scanning probe microscopy methods (STM, AFM, KPFM) and the…

Materials Science · Physics 2015-03-30 Yuriy Dedkov , Elena Voloshina , Mikhail Fonin

Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) has been widely applied in characterizing cells and tissues. Spatial light interference microscopy (SLIM) is a highly sensitive QPI method, due to its partially coherent illumination and common path…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-12 Yuheng Jiao , Yuchen R. He , Mikhail E. Kandel , Xiaojun Liu , Wenlong Lu , Gabriel Popescu

We present PyAtoms, an interactive open-source software that rapidly simulates atomic-scale scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and other scanning probe microscopy (SPM) images of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials, moir\'{e} systems,…

Scanning transmission electron microscopy is a common tool used to study the atomic structure of materials. It is an inherently multimodal tool allowing for the simultaneous acquisition of multiple information channels. Despite its…

The evolution toward next-generation intelligent sensing requires microwave systems to move beyond static detection and achieve high-speed and adaptive perception of dynamic scenes. However, the existing microwave sensing systems have…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Qian Ma , Ze Gu , Zi Rui Feng , Qian Wen Wu , Yu Ming Ning , Zhi Qiao Han , Rui Si Li , Xinxin Gao , Tie Jun Cui

Scanning Probe Microscopy is used to study and quantify the nanoscale electric phenomena in the two classes of oxide systems, namely transport at electroactive grain boundaries and surface behavior of ferroelectric materials. Scanning…

Materials Science · Physics 2007-05-23 Sergei V. Kalinin