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Fault-tolerant logical entangling gates are essential for scalable quantum computing, but are limited by the error rates and overheads of physical two-qubit gates and measurements. To address this limitation, we introduce phantom…

We present an entirely 2D transversal realization of phase gates at any level of the Clifford hierarchy, and beyond, using non-Abelian surface codes. Our construction encodes a logical qubit in the quantum double $D(G)$ of a non-Abelian…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-19 Alison Warman , Sakura Schafer-Nameki

Steane's 7-qubit quantum error-correcting code admits a set of fault-tolerant gates that generate the Clifford group, which in itself is not universal for quantum computation. The 15-qubit Reed-Muller code also does not admit a universal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-08-27 Jonas T. Anderson , Guillaume Duclos-Cianci , David Poulin

Universal fault-tolerant quantum computers will require the use of efficient protocols to implement encoded operations necessary in the execution of algorithms. In this work, we show how solvers for satisfiability modulo theories (SMT…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-11 Noah Shutty , Christopher Chamberland

We discuss stabilizer quantum-error correction codes implemented in a single multi-level qudit to avoid resource escalation typical of multi-qubit codes. These codes can be customized to the specific physical errors on the qudit,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-16 Matteo Mezzadri , Alessandro Chiesa , Luca Lepori , Stefano Carretta

The standard approach to universal fault-tolerant quantum computing is to develop a general purpose quantum error correction mechanism that can implement a universal set of logical gates fault-tolerantly. Given such a scheme, any quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-17 Zhuangzhuang Chen , Narayanan Rengaswamy

Quantum error correcting codes protect quantum computation from errors caused by decoherence and other noise. Here we study the problem of designing logical operations for quantum error correcting codes. We present an automated procedure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-25 Hongxiang Chen , Michael Vasmer , Nikolas P. Breuckmann , Edward Grant

In order to use quantum error-correcting codes to actually improve the performance of a quantum computer, it is necessary to be able to perform operations fault-tolerantly on encoded states. I present a general theory of fault-tolerant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-07-19 Daniel Gottesman

Fault-tolerant logic gates will consume a large proportion of the resources of a two-dimensional quantum computing architecture. Here we show how to perform a fault-tolerant non-Clifford gate with the surface code; a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-20 Benjamin J. Brown

We show how to perform a fault-tolerant universal quantum computation in 2D architectures using only transversal unitary operators and local syndrome measurements. Our approach is based on a doubled version of the 2D color code. It enables…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-11 Sergey Bravyi , Andrew Cross

Fault-tolerant operations based on stabilizer codes are the state of the art in suppressing error rates in quantum computations. Most such codes do not permit a straightforward implementation of non-Clifford logical operations, which are…

Quantum error correction (QEC) is considered a deciding component in enabling practical quantum computing. Stabilizer codes, and in particular topological surface codes, are promising candidates for implementing QEC by redundantly encoding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-12 Josias Old , Stephan Tasler , Michael J. Hartmann , Markus Müller

Solid-state spin qubits are a promising platform for quantum computation and quantum networks. Recent experiments have demonstrated high-quality control over multi-qubit systems, elementary quantum algorithms and non-fault-tolerant error…

Quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes offer a promising route to scalable fault-tolerant quantum computation with constant overhead. Recent advancements have shown that qLDPC codes can outperform the quantum memory capability of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-08 Jens Niklas Eberhardt , Vincent Steffan

We introduce a general framework for weak transversal gates -- probabilistic implementation of logical unitaries realized by local physical unitaries -- and propose a novel partially fault-tolerant quantum computing architecture that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-10 Nobuyuki Yoshioka , Alireza Seif , Andrew Cross , Ali Javadi-Abhari

Fault-tolerant quantum computing hinges on efficient logical compilation, in particular, translating high-level circuits into code-compatible implementations. Gate-by-gate compilation often yields deep circuits, requiring significant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-16 Alexander Popov , Nico Meyer , Daniel D. Scherer , Guido Dietl

To achieve scalable universal quantum computing, we need to implement a universal set of logical gates fault-tolerantly, for which the main difficulty lies with non-Clifford gates. We demonstrate that several characteristic features of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-04 Yi-Fei Wang , Yixu Wang , Yu-An Chen , Wenjun Zhang , Tao Zhang , Jiazhong Hu , Wenlan Chen , Yingfei Gu , Zi-Wen Liu

We construct a pairwise measurement-based code on eight qubits that is error correcting for circuit noise, with fault distance 3. The code can be implemented on a subset of a rectangular array of qubits with nearest neighbor connectivity of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-23 Linnea Grans-Samuelsson , David Aasen , Parsa Bonderson

A powerful feature of stabiliser error correcting codes is the fact that stabiliser measurement projects arbitrary errors to Pauli errors, greatly simplifying the physical error correction process as well as classical simulations of code…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-25 Thomas R. Scruby , Michael Vasmer , Dan E. Browne

Quantum error correction protects fragile quantum information by encoding it into a larger quantum system. These extra degrees of freedom enable the detection and correction of errors, but also increase the operational complexity of the…