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The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into Electronic Design Automation (EDA) and hardware security is rapidly reshaping the semiconductor industry. While LLMs offer unprecedented capabilities in generating Register Transfer Level…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Johann Knechtel , Ozgur Sinanoglu , Ramesh Karri

Logic Encryption is one of the most popular hardware security techniques which can prevent IP piracy and illegal IC overproduction. It introduces obfuscation by inserting some extra hardware into a design to hide its functionality from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-01-17 Rajit Karmakar , Santanu Chatopadhyay , Rohit Kapur

Logic locking is used to protect integrated circuits (ICs) from piracy and counterfeiting. An encrypted IC implements the correct function only when the right key is input. Many existing logic-locking methods are subject to the powerful…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Jingbo Zhou , Xinmiao Zhang

The evaluation of logic locking methods has long been predicated on an implicit assumption that only the correct key can unveil the true functionality of a protected circuit. Consequently, a locking technique is deemed secure if it resists…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Yinghua Hu , Hari Cherupalli , Mike Borza , Deepak Sherlekar

In a zero-trust fabless paradigm, designers are increasingly concerned about hardware-based attacks on the semiconductor supply chain. Logic locking is a design-for-trust method that adds extra key-controlled gates in the circuits to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Yeganeh Aghamohammadi , Amin Rezaei

Logic locking has emerged as a prominent key-driven technique to protect the integrity of integrated circuits. However, novel machine-learning-based attacks have recently been introduced to challenge the security foundations of locking…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Dominik Sisejkovic , Farhad Merchant , Lennart M. Reimann , Rainer Leupers

Logic locking has been proposed to safeguard intellectual property (IP) during chip fabrication. Logic locking techniques protect hardware IP by making a subset of combinational modules in a design dependent on a secret key that is withheld…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Hongye Xu , Dongfang Liu , Cory Merkel , Michael Zuzak

Hardware intellectual property (IP) theft is a major issue in today's globalized supply chain. To address it, numerous logic locking and obfuscation techniques have been proposed. While locking initially focused on digital integrated…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Rabin Yu Acharya , Sreeja Chowdhury , Fatemeh Ganji , Domenic Forte

Logic locking has emerged to prevent piracy and overproduction of integrated circuits ever since the split of the design house and manufacturing foundry was established. While there has been a lot of research using a single global key to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Kevin Lopez , Amin Rezaei

Building and maintaining a silicon foundry is a costly endeavor that requires substantial financial investment. From this scenario, the semiconductor business has largely shifted to a fabless model where the Integrated Circuit supply chain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Zain Ul Abideen , Sumathi Gokulanathan , Muayad J. Aljafar , Samuel Pagliarini

A long-standing challenge is the design of chips resilient to faults and glitches. Both fine-grained gate diversity and coarse-grained modular redundancy have been used in the past. However, these approaches have not been well-studied under…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Ahmad T. Sheikh , Ali Shoker , Suhaib A. Fahmy , Paulo Esteves-Verissimo

To reduce the cost of ICs and to meet the market's demand, a considerable portion of manufacturing supply chain, including silicon fabrication, packaging and testing may be pushed offshore. Utilizing a global IC manufacturing supply chain,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-05-16 Kimia Zamiri Azar , Hadi Mardani Kamali , Houman Homayoun , Avesta Sasan

The security of modern electronic devices relies on secret keys stored on secure hardware modules as the root-of-trust (RoT). Extracting those keys would break the security of the entire system. As shown before, sophisticated side-channel…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Thilo Krachenfels , Tuba Kiyan , Shahin Tajik , Jean-Pierre Seifert

Integrated Circuits (ICs) are the target of diverse attacks during their lifetime. Fabrication-time attacks, such as the insertion of Hardware Trojans, can give an adversary access to privileged data and/or the means to corrupt the IC's…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Mohammad Eslami , Tiago Perez , Samuel Pagliarini

As cache-based side-channel attacks become serious security problems, various defenses have been proposed and deployed in both software and hardware. Consequently, cache-based side-channel attacks on processes co-residing on the same core…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-14 Wei Song , Rui Hou , Peng Liu , Xiaoxin Li , Peinan Li , Lutan Zhao , Xiaofei Fu , Yifei Sun , Dan Meng

Logic locking is a prominent technique to protect the integrity of hardware designs throughout the integrated circuit design and fabrication flow. However, in recent years, the security of locking schemes has been thoroughly challenged by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-20 Dominik Sisejkovic , Farhad Merchant , Lennart M. Reimann , Harshit Srivastava , Ahmed Hallawa , Rainer Leupers

Logic Locking is a well-accepted protection technique to enable trust in the outsourced design and fabrication processes of integrated circuits (ICs) where the original design is modified by incorporating additional key gates in the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-22 Ayush Jain , Tanjidur Rahman , Ujjwal Guin

Integrated circuits (ICs) are essential to modern electronic systems, yet they face significant risks from physical reverse engineering (RE) attacks that compromise intellectual property (IP) and overall system security. While IC camouflage…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Junling Fan , David Koblah , Domenic Forte

Globalization of IC manufacturing has led to increased security concerns, notably IP theft. Several logic locking techniques have been developed for protecting designs, but they typically display very large overhead, and are generally…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-05-22 Joseph Sweeney , Mohammed Zackriya , Samuel Pagliarini , Lawrence Pileggi

In the past decade, a lot of progress has been made in the design and evaluation of logic locking; a premier technique to safeguard the integrity of integrated circuits throughout the electronics supply chain. However, the widespread…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-24 Dominik Sisejkovic , Lennart M. Reimann , Elmira Moussavi , Farhad Merchant , Rainer Leupers