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Mobile applications have become an essential part of our daily lives, making ensuring their quality an important activity. Graphical User Interface (GUI) testing is a quality assurance method that has frequently been used for mobile apps.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Chenhui Cui , Tao Li , Junjie Wang , Chunyang Chen , Dave Towey , Rubing Huang

Automatic generators of GUI tests often fail to generate semantically relevant test cases, and thus miss important test scenarios. To address this issue, test adaptation techniques can be used to automatically generate semantically…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Leonardo Mariani , Mauro Pezzè , Valerio Terragni , Daniele Zuddas

GUI agent aims to enable automated operations on Mobile/PC devices, which is an important task toward achieving artificial general intelligence. The rapid advancement of VLMs accelerates the development of GUI agents, owing to their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Zhixiong Zeng , Jing Huang , Liming Zheng , Wenkang Han , Yufeng Zhong , Lei Chen , Longrong Yang , Yingjie Chu , Yuzhi He , Lin Ma

Mobile applications have become a popular software development domain in recent years due in part to a large user base, capable hardware, and accessible platforms. However, mobile developers also face unique challenges, including pressure…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-09-06 Kevin Moran , Cody Watson , John Hoskins , George Purnell , Denys Poshyvanyk

Websites are critical in today's digital world, with over 1.11 billion currently active and approximately 252,000 new sites launched daily. Converting website layout design into functional UI code is a time-consuming yet indispensable step…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Yuxuan Wan , Chaozheng Wang , Yi Dong , Wenxuan Wang , Shuqing Li , Yintong Huo , Michael R. Lyu

Automation of existing Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) is important but hard to achieve. Upstream of making the GUI user-accessible or somehow scriptable, even the data-collection to understand the original interface poses significant…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Iason Chaimalas , Arnas Vyšniauskas , Gabriel Brostow

Autonomous mobile GUI agents have attracted increasing attention along with the advancement of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). However, existing methods still suffer from inefficient learning from failed trajectories and ambiguous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Zichuan Lin , Feiyu Liu , Yijun Yang , Jiafei Lyu , Yiming Gao , Yicheng Liu , Zhicong Lu , Yangbin Yu , Mingyu Yang , Junyou Li , Deheng Ye , Jie Jiang

The inception of a mobile app often takes form of a mock-up of the Graphical User Interface (GUI), represented as a static image delineating the proper layout and style of GUI widgets that satisfy requirements. Following this initial…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-04-09 Kevin Moran , Boyang Li , Carlos Bernal-Cárdenas , Dan Jelf , Denys Poshyvanyk

Before developing a new mobile app, the development team usually endeavors painstaking efforts to review many existing apps with similar purposes. The review process is crucial in the sense that it reduces market risks and provides…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Sen Chen , Lingling Fan , Chunyang Chen , Yang Liu

Building a generalist model for user interface (UI) understanding is challenging due to various foundational issues, such as platform diversity, resolution variation, and data limitation. In this paper, we introduce Ferret-UI 2, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Zhangheng Li , Keen You , Haotian Zhang , Di Feng , Harsh Agrawal , Xiujun Li , Mohana Prasad Sathya Moorthy , Jeff Nichols , Yinfei Yang , Zhe Gan

Graphical User Interface (GUI) is ubiquitous in almost all modern desktop software, mobile applications, and online websites. A good GUI design is crucial to the success of the software in the market, but designing a good GUI which requires…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Tianming Zhao , Chunyang Chen , Yuanning Liu , Xiaodong Zhu

While Large Language Model (LLM) agents show great potential for automated UI navigation such as automated UI testing and AI assistants, their efficiency has been largely overlooked. Our motivating study reveals that inefficient UI…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Dezhi Ran , Zhi Gong , Yuzhe Guo , Mengzhou Wu , Yuan Cao , Haochuan Lu , Hengyu Zhang , Xia Zeng , Gang Cao , Liangchao Yao , Yuetang Deng , Wei Yang , Tao Xie

Android apps rely heavily on Data Manipulation Functionalities (DMFs) for handling app-specific data through CRUDS operations, making their correctness vital for reliability. However, detecting Data Manipulation Errors (DMEs) is challenging…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xiangyang Xiao , Huaxun Huang , Rongxin Wu

Automated understanding of user interfaces (UIs) from their pixels can improve accessibility, enable task automation, and facilitate interface design without relying on developers to comprehensively provide metadata. A first step is to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Jason Wu , Xiaoyi Zhang , Jeff Nichols , Jeffrey P. Bigham

Mobile graphical user interface (GUI) agents enable AI models to autonomously operate smartphones on behalf of users. However, most existing systems focus primarily on optimizing task accuracy and rely on cloud-hosted models for inference,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Runxi Huang , Liyu Zhang , Shengzhong Liu , Xiaomin Ouyang

Designing user interfaces (UIs) is a critical step when launching products, building portfolios, or personalizing projects, yet end users without design expertise often struggle to articulate their intent and to trust design choices.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Junling Wang , Hongyi Lan , Xiaotian Su , Mustafa Doga Dogan , April Yi Wang

UI testing is tedious and time-consuming due to the manual effort required. Recent research has explored opportunities for reusing existing UI tests from an app to automatically generate new tests for other apps. However, the evaluation of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-11-04 Yixue Zhao , Justin Chen , Adriana Sejfia , Marcelo Schmitt Laser , Jie Zhang , Federica Sarro , Mark Harman , Nenad Medvidovic

Enterprise software companies maintain thousands of user interface screens across products and versions, creating critical challenges for design consistency, pattern discovery, and compliance check. Existing approaches rely on visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Maroun Ayli , Youssef Bakouny , Tushar Sharma , Nader Jalloul , Hani Seifeddine , Rima Kilany

Large language models (LLMs) have brought exciting new advances to mobile UI agents, a long-standing research field that aims to complete arbitrary natural language tasks through mobile UI interactions. However, existing UI agents usually…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Hao Wen , Shizuo Tian , Borislav Pavlov , Wenjie Du , Yixuan Li , Ge Chang , Shanhui Zhao , Jiacheng Liu , Yunxin Liu , Ya-Qin Zhang , Yuanchun Li

In the development and maintenance of Android apps, the quick and accurate reproduction of user-reported bugs is crucial to ensure application quality and improve user satisfaction. However, this process is often time-consuming and complex.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Xiangyang Xiao , Huaxun Huang , Rongxin Wu