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The point cloud learning community witnesses a modeling shift from CNNs to Transformers, where pure Transformer architectures have achieved top accuracy on the major learning benchmarks. However, existing point Transformers are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Zhang Cheng , Haocheng Wan , Xinyi Shen , Zizhao Wu

Following the success of dot-product attention in Transformers, numerous approximations have been recently proposed to address its quadratic complexity with respect to the input length. While these variants are memory and compute efficient,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Ankit Gupta , Guy Dar , Shaya Goodman , David Ciprut , Jonathan Berant

We study learned memory tokens as a computational scratchpad for a single-block Universal Transformer with Adaptive Computation Time (ACT) on Sudoku-Extreme, a combinatorial reasoning benchmark. Memory tokens are empirically necessary: no…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Grigory Sapunov

The expressive power of transformers over inputs of unbounded size can be studied through their ability to recognize classes of formal languages. In this paper, we establish exact characterizations of transformers with hard attention (in…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Andy Yang , David Chiang , Dana Angluin

Transformers are extremely successful machine learning models whose mathematical properties remain poorly understood. Here, we rigorously characterize the behavior of transformers with hardmax self-attention and normalization sublayers as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Albert Alcalde , Giovanni Fantuzzi , Enrique Zuazua

The original softmax-based attention mechanism (regular attention) in the extremely successful Transformer architecture computes attention between $N$ tokens, each embedded in a $D$-dimensional head, with a time complexity of $O(N^2D)$.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Armin Gerami , Ramani Duraiswami

This study explores the quantisation-aware training (QAT) on time series Transformer models. We propose a novel adaptive quantisation scheme that dynamically selects between symmetric and asymmetric schemes during the QAT phase. Our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Tianheng Ling , Chao Qian , Lukas Einhaus , Gregor Schiele

Current sign language machine translation systems rely on recognizing hand movements, facial expressions and body postures, and natural language processing, to convert signs into text. Recent approaches use Transformer architectures to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Nada Shahin , Leila Ismail

Initially introduced as a machine translation model, the Transformer architecture has now become the foundation for modern deep learning architecture, with applications in a wide range of fields, from computer vision to natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Martin Courtois , Malte Ostendorff , Leonhard Hennig , Georg Rehm

Linear attentions have shown potential for improving Transformer efficiency, reducing attention's quadratic complexity to linear in sequence length. This holds exciting promise for (1) training linear Transformers from scratch, (2)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Michael Zhang , Kush Bhatia , Hermann Kumbong , Christopher Ré

While the multi-branch architecture is one of the key ingredients to the success of computer vision tasks, it has not been well investigated in natural language processing, especially sequence learning tasks. In this work, we propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Yang Fan , Shufang Xie , Yingce Xia , Lijun Wu , Tao Qin , Xiang-Yang Li , Tie-Yan Liu

Vision transformers (ViTs) have pushed the state-of-the-art for various visual recognition tasks by patch-wise image tokenization followed by self-attention. However, the employment of self-attention modules results in a quadratic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Jiachen Lu , Jinghan Yao , Junge Zhang , Xiatian Zhu , Hang Xu , Weiguo Gao , Chunjing Xu , Tao Xiang , Li Zhang

Transformer architectures have led to remarkable progress in many state-of-art applications. However, despite their successes, modern transformers rely on the self-attention mechanism, whose time- and space-complexity is quadratic in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Feyza Duman Keles , Pruthuvi Mahesakya Wijewardena , Chinmay Hegde

Recently, Transformers have been introduced into the field of acoustics recognition. They are pre-trained on large-scale datasets using methods such as supervised learning and semi-supervised learning, demonstrating robust generality--It…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Yun Liang , Hai Lin , Shaojian Qiu , Yihang Zhang

With the rise of Transformer models in NLP and CV domain, Multi-Head Attention has been proven to be a game-changer. However, its expensive computation poses challenges to the model throughput and efficiency, especially for the long…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-12 Jiing-Ping Wang , Ming-Guang Lin , An-Yeu , Wu

We revisit the I/O complexity of attention in large language models. Given query-key-value matrices $Q,K,V\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times d}$, and a machine with fast memory size $M$, the goal is to compute the "attention matrix" $A=\text{softmax}(Q…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Pál András Papp , Aleksandros Sobczyk , Anastasios Zouzias

Transformer networks have emerged as the state-of-the-art approach for natural language processing tasks and are gaining popularity in other domains such as computer vision and audio processing. However, the efficient hardware acceleration…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Gamze İslamoğlu , Moritz Scherer , Gianna Paulin , Tim Fischer , Victor J. B. Jung , Angelo Garofalo , Luca Benini

Pre-trained transformers exhibit the capability of adapting to new tasks through in-context learning (ICL), where they efficiently utilize a limited set of prompts without explicit model optimization. The canonical communication problem of…

Recent works show we can linearize large language models (LLMs) -- swapping the quadratic attentions of popular Transformer-based LLMs with subquadratic analogs, such as linear attention -- avoiding the expensive pretraining costs. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Michael Zhang , Simran Arora , Rahul Chalamala , Alan Wu , Benjamin Spector , Aaryan Singhal , Krithik Ramesh , Christopher Ré

Despite the popularity of the Transformer architecture, the standard algorithm for computing Attention suffers from quadratic time complexity in context length $n$. Alman and Song [NeurIPS 2023] showed that when the head dimension $d =…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Shreya Gupta , Boyang Huang , Barna Saha , Yinzhan Xu , Christopher Ye