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Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in the telecommunications domain for critical tasks, relying heavily on Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) to adapt general-purpose models to continuously evolving standards. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Pranshav Gajjar , Vijay K Shah

Embedding models are crucial to modern NLP. However, the creation of the most effective models relies on carefully constructed supervised finetuning data. For high resource languages, such as English, such datasets are readily available.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Merve Basoz , Andrew Horne , Mattia Opper

Code embeddings are essential for semantic code search; however, current approaches often struggle to capture the precise syntactic and contextual nuances inherent in code. Open-source models such as CodeBERT and UniXcoder exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Saumya Chaturvedi , Aman Chadha , Laurent Bindschaedler

Recent large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance on general-purpose text embedding tasks. While dense embeddings have dominated related research, we introduce the first lexicon-based embeddings (LENS) leveraging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Yibin Lei , Tao Shen , Yu Cao , Andrew Yates

Embedding models play a pivot role in modern NLP applications such as IR and RAG. While the context limit of LLMs has been pushed beyond 1 million tokens, embedding models are still confined to a narrow context window not exceeding 8k…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Dawei Zhu , Liang Wang , Nan Yang , Yifan Song , Wenhao Wu , Furu Wei , Sujian Li

In this paper, we introduce a novel and simple method for obtaining high-quality text embeddings using only synthetic data and less than 1k training steps. Unlike existing methods that often depend on multi-stage intermediate pre-training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Liang Wang , Nan Yang , Xiaolong Huang , Linjun Yang , Rangan Majumder , Furu Wei

This technical report describes the training of nomic-embed-text-v1, the first fully reproducible, open-source, open-weights, open-data, 8192 context length English text embedding model that outperforms both OpenAI Ada-002 and OpenAI…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Zach Nussbaum , John X. Morris , Brandon Duderstadt , Andriy Mulyar

Semantic text representation is a fundamental task in the field of natural language processing. Existing text embedding (e.g., SimCSE and LLM2Vec) have demonstrated excellent performance, but the values of each dimension are difficult to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Yile Wang , Zhanyu Shen , Hui Huang

This report presents a unified instruction-based framework for learning generalized text embeddings optimized for both information retrieval (IR) and non-IR tasks. Built upon a decoder-only large language model (Mistral-7B), our approach…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Jooyoung Choi , Hyun Kim , Hansol Jang , Changwook Jun , Kyunghoon Bae , Hyewon Choi , Stanley Jungkyu Choi , Honglak Lee , Chulmin Yun

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have shown significant progress in various complex vision tasks with the solid linguistic and reasoning capacity inherited from large language models (LMMs). Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) offers a promising…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Liang Mi , Weijun Wang , Wenming Tu , Qingfeng He , Rui Kong , Xinyu Fang , Yazhu Dong , Yikang Zhang , Yunchun Li , Meng Li , Haipeng Dai , Guihai Chen , Yunxin Liu

In this work, we introduce GELATO (Geometry-preserving Embeddings via Locked Aligned TOwers), a novel approach to multimodal embedding models. We build on the VLM-style architecture, in which non-text encoders are adapted to produce input…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Florian Hönicke , Michael Günther , Andreas Koukounas , Mohammad Kalim Akram , Scott Martens , Saba Sturua , Han Xiao

Text embeddings are commonly evaluated on a small set of datasets from a single task not covering their possible applications to other tasks. It is unclear whether state-of-the-art embeddings on semantic textual similarity (STS) can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Niklas Muennighoff , Nouamane Tazi , Loïc Magne , Nils Reimers

Embedding models are crucial for various natural language processing tasks but can be limited by factors such as limited vocabulary, lack of context, and grammatical errors. This paper proposes a novel approach to improve embedding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Nicholas Harris , Anand Butani , Syed Hashmy

Despite their remarkable natural language understanding capabilities, Large Language Models (LLMs) have been underutilized for retrieval tasks. We present Search-R3, a novel framework that addresses this limitation by adapting LLMs to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Yuntao Gui , James Cheng

Image representations are often evaluated through disjointed, task-specific protocols, leading to a fragmented understanding of model capabilities. For instance, it is unclear whether an image embedding model adept at clustering images is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Chenghao Xiao , Isaac Chung , Imene Kerboua , Jamie Stirling , Xin Zhang , Márton Kardos , Roman Solomatin , Noura Al Moubayed , Kenneth Enevoldsen , Niklas Muennighoff

Transformer-based text embedding models have improved their performance on benchmarks like MIRACL and BEIR by increasing their parameter counts. However, this scaling approach introduces significant deployment challenges, including…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Zach Nussbaum , Brandon Duderstadt

Vision Language Models (VLMs) integrate visual and text modalities to enable multimodal understanding and generation. These models typically combine a Vision Transformer (ViT) as an image encoder and a Large Language Model (LLM) for text…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Krishna Teja Chitty-Venkata , Murali Emani , Venkatram Vishwanath

We introduce GigaEmbeddings, a novel framework for training high-performance Russian-focused text embeddings through hierarchical instruction tuning of the decoder-only LLM designed specifically for Russian language (GigaChat-3B). Our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Egor Kolodin , Daria Khomich , Nikita Savushkin , Anastasia Ianina , Fyodor Minkin

We introduce VL-JEPA, a vision-language model built on a Joint Embedding Predictive Architecture (JEPA). Instead of autoregressively generating tokens as in classical VLMs, VL-JEPA predicts continuous embeddings of the target texts. By…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Delong Chen , Mustafa Shukor , Theo Moutakanni , Willy Chung , Jade Yu , Tejaswi Kasarla , Yejin Bang , Allen Bolourchi , Yann LeCun , Pascale Fung

Existing Visual-Language-Action (VLA) models have shown promising performance in zero-shot scenarios, demonstrating impressive task execution and reasoning capabilities. However, a significant challenge arises from the limitations of visual…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Chia-Yu Hung , Qi Sun , Pengfei Hong , Amir Zadeh , Chuan Li , U-Xuan Tan , Navonil Majumder , Soujanya Poria