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Real-world evaluation of perception-based planning models for robotic systems, such as autonomous vehicles, can be safely and inexpensively conducted offline, i.e. by computing model prediction error over a pre-collected validation dataset…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Animikh Aich , Adwait Kulkarni , Eshed Ohn-Bar

Empathy is often understood as the ability to share and understand another individual's state of mind or emotion. With the increasing use of chatbots in various domains, e.g., children seeking help with homework, individuals looking for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Kristina Schaaff , Caroline Reinig , Tim Schlippe

As chatbots are becoming increasingly popular, we often wonder what users perceive as natural and socially accepted manners of interacting with them. Some researchers maintain that humans should avoid engaging in emotional conversations…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-09-18 Ekaterina Svikhnushina , Pearl Pu

Context: Online collaborative creation of models is becoming commonplace. Collaborative modeling using chatbots and natural language may lower the barriers to modeling for users from different domains. Objective: We compare the perceived…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Ranci Ren , John W. Castro , Santiago R. Acuña , Oscar Dieste , Silvia T. Acuña

Research suggests that providing specific and timely feedback to human tutors enhances their performance. However, it presents challenges due to the time-consuming nature of assessing tutor performance by human evaluators. Large language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Dollaya Hirunyasiri , Danielle R. Thomas , Jionghao Lin , Kenneth R. Koedinger , Vincent Aleven

With the ongoing penetration of conversational user interfaces, a better understanding of social and emotional characteristic inherent to dialogue is required. Chatbots in particular face the challenge of conveying human-like behaviour…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-04-29 Natascha Mariacher , Stephan Schlögl , Alexander Monz

Artificial Intelligence (AI) chatbots are increasingly used for emotional, creative, and social support, leading to sustained and routine user interaction with these systems. As these applications evolve through frequent version updates,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Sirajam Munira , Lydia Manikonda

As dialogue systems and chatbots increasingly integrate into everyday interactions, the need for efficient and accurate evaluation methods becomes paramount. This study explores the comparative performance of human and AI assessments across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Ike Ebubechukwu , Johane Takeuchi , Antonello Ceravola , Frank Joublin

Chatbots are popular machine partners for task-oriented and social interactions. Human-human computer-mediated communication research has explored how people express their gender and sexuality in online social interactions, but little is…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Justin Edwards , Leigh Clark , Allison Perrone

As governments increasingly adopt digital tools, public service chatbots have emerged as a growing communication channel. This paper explores the design considerations and engagement opportunities of public service chatbots, using a 311…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Jieyu Zhou , Rui Shen , Yue You , Carl DiSalvo , Lynn Dombrowski , Christopher MacLellan

Chatbots are one class of intelligent, conversational software agents activated by natural language input (which can be in the form of text, voice, or both). They provide conversational output in response, and if commanded, can sometimes…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2017-04-18 Nicole M. Radziwill , Morgan C. Benton

The lack of time-efficient and reliable evaluation methods hamper the development of conversational dialogue systems (chatbots). Evaluations requiring humans to converse with chatbots are time and cost-intensive, put high cognitive demands…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Jan Deriu , Don Tuggener , Pius von Däniken , Jon Ander Campos , Alvaro Rodrigo , Thiziri Belkacem , Aitor Soroa , Eneko Agirre , Mark Cieliebak

AI companion chatbots are increasingly used for emotional support, with prior work in the domain predominantly documenting their mixed psychosocial impacts, including both increased emotional expression and heightened loneliness. However,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Olivia Yan Huang , Monika Stodolska , Sharifa Sultana

The capability of GenAI-based chatbots, such as ChatGPT and Gemini, has expanded quickly in recent years, turning them into GenAI Chatbot Ecosystems. Yet, users' understanding of how such ecosystems work remains unknown. In this paper, we…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Xingyi Wang , Xiaozheng Wang , Sunyup Park , Yaxing Yao

AI chatbots are becoming a primary interface for seeking information. As their popularity grows, chatbot providers are starting to deploy advertising and analytics. Despite this, tracking on AI chatbots has not been systematically studied.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Muhammad Jazlan , Ethan Wang , Yash Vekaria , Zubair Shafiq

Chatbots, the common moniker for collaborative assistants, are Artificial Intelligence (AI) software that enables people to naturally interact with them to get tasks done. Although chatbots have been studied since the dawn of AI, they have…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Biplav Srivastava , Kausik Lakkaraju , Tarmo Koppel , Vignesh Narayanan , Ashish Kundu , Sachindra Joshi

This study investigates the development and assessment of an artificial human designed as a conversational AI chatbot, focusing on its role as a clinical psychologist. The project involved creating a specialized chatbot using the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Birger Moell

Human evaluation is becoming a necessity to test the performance of Chatbots. However, off-the-shelf settings suffer the severe reliability and replication issues partly because of the extremely high diversity of criteria. It is high time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Hongru Liang , Huaqing Li

Conversational chatbots are Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered applications that assist users with various tasks by responding in natural language and are prevalent across different industries. Most of the chatbots that we encounter on…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-12-17 Sarada Devaram

Background: Empathy is widely recognized for improving patient outcomes, including reduced pain and anxiety and improved satisfaction, and its absence can cause harm. Meanwhile, use of artificial intelligence (AI)-based chatbots in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Alastair Howcroft , Amber Bennett-Weston , Ahmad Khan , Joseff Griffiths , Simon Gay , Jeremy Howick