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Surface codes are among the best candidates to ensure the fault-tolerance of a quantum computer. In order to avoid the accumulation of errors during a computation, it is crucial to have at our disposal a fast decoding algorithm to quickly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-15 Nicolas Delfosse , Gilles Zémor

Quantum error correction (QEC) enables fault-tolerant quantum computation but requires operating quantum hardware at physical error rates below code-dependent thresholds, which remains challenging for current devices. We introduce syndrome…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-08 Luis Colmenarez , Áron Márton , Markus Müller

Decoding sparse quantum codes can be accomplished by syndrome-based decoding using a belief propagation (BP) algorithm.We significantly improve this decoding scheme by developing a new feedback adjustment strategy for the standard BP…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-09-25 Yun-Jiang Wang , Barry C. Sanders , Bao-Ming Bai , Xin-Mei Wang

Due to the low error tolerance of a qubit, detecting and correcting errors on it is essential for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Surface code (SC) associated with its decoding algorithm is one of the most promising quantum error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-15 Yosuke Ueno , Masaaki Kondo , Masamitsu Tanaka , Yasunari Suzuki , Yutaka Tabuchi

Efficient and accurate decoding of quantum error-correcting codes is essential for fault-tolerant quantum computation, however, it is challenging due to the degeneracy of errors, the complex code topology, and the large space for logical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-28 Hanyan Cao , Feng Pan , Dongyang Feng , Yijia Wang , Pan Zhang

Quantum computers require error correction to achieve universal quantum computing. However, current decoding of quantum error-correcting codes relies on classical computation, which is slower than quantum operations in superconducting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-11 Pan Zhang

Fault-tolerant quantum computers will depend crucially on the performance of the classical decoding algorithm which takes in the results of measurements and outputs corrections to the errors inferred to have occurred. Machine learning…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-18 John Blue , Harshil Avlani , Zhiyang He , Liu Ziyin , Isaac L. Chuang

The surface code is designed to suppress errors in quantum computing hardware and currently offers the most believable pathway to large-scale quantum computation. The surface code requires a 2-D array of nearest-neighbor coupled qubits that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-10-04 Austin G. Fowler

A fault-tolerant quantum computation requires an efficient means to detect and correct errors that accumulate in encoded quantum information. In the context of machine learning, neural networks are a promising new approach to quantum error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-01 P. Baireuther , T. E. O'Brien , B. Tarasinski , C. W. J. Beenakker

Quantum error correction (QEC) is an essential concept for any quantum information processing device. Typically, QEC is designed with minimal assumptions about the noise process; this generic assumption exacts a high cost in efficiency and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-06-26 Andrew S. Fletcher

Quantum error correction offers a promising path for performing quantum computations with low errors. Although a fully fault-tolerant execution of a quantum algorithm remains unrealized, recent experimental developments, along with…

Decoding a quantum error correction code is generally NP-hard, but corrections must be applied at a high frequency to suppress noise successfully. Matchable codes, like the surface code, exhibit a special structure that makes it possible to…

Belief propagation (BP) is well-known as a low complexity decoding algorithm with a strong performance for important classes of quantum error correcting codes, e.g. notably for the quantum low-density parity check (LDPC) code class of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-07 Josias Old , Manuel Rispler

Belief Propagation (BP) followed by Ordered Statistics Decoding (OSD) has emerged as the gold standard for decoding quantum low-density parity-check (QLDPC) codes. Recent advancements in this field have proposed new methods and algorithms…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Michele Banfi , Marco Ferrari , Antonino Favano , Alberto Tarable , Luca Barletta

Quantum error-correction is a prerequisite for reliable quantum computation. Towards this goal, we present a recurrent, transformer-based neural network which learns to decode the surface code, the leading quantum error-correction code. Our…

There has been a rise in decoding quantum error correction codes with neural network based decoders, due to the good decoding performance achieved and adaptability to any noise model. However, the main challenge is scalability to larger…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-07 Savvas Varsamopoulos , Koen Bertels , Carmen G. Almudever

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for scalable quantum computing. However, it requires classical decoders that are fast and accurate enough to keep pace with quantum hardware. While quantum low-density parity-check codes have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-10 Andi Gu , J. Pablo Bonilla Ataides , Mikhail D. Lukin , Susanne F. Yelin

Topological quantum error-correcting codes are a promising candidate for building fault-tolerant quantum computers. Decoding topological codes optimally, however, is known to be a computationally hard problem. Various decoders have been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-01 Milap Sheth , Sara Zafar Jafarzadeh , Vlad Gheorghiu

Quantum error correction (QEC) is an essential tool for quantum computing that enables reliable information processing in the presence of noise. Syndrome measurements play a central role in QEC, making it possible to unambiguously identify…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-13 Debjyoti Biswas , Prabha Mandayam

Quantum Surface codes are a kind of quantum topological stabilizer codes whose stabilizers and qubits are geometrically related. Due to their special structures, surface codes have great potential to lead people to large-scale quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-23 Yaping Yuan , Chung-Chin Lu