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Observations of strongly gravitationally lensed gravitational wave (GW) sources provide a unique opportunity for constraining their transverse motion, which otherwise is exceedingly hard for GW mergers in general. Strong lensing makes this…

In this work, the strong lensing effect of the memory signal was considered. In the geometric optics limit, the lensed memory signal becomes oscillatory, while the unlensed is basically monotonic. This is because only the high frequency…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-13 Ruanjing Zhang , Zhi-Chao Zhao , Shaoqi Hou , Xi-Long Fan , Kai Liao , Zong-Hong Zhu

Gravitational waves (GWs) exhibit wave-optics effects when their wavelength is comparable to the scale of the gravitational lens. This may occur in lensing from galactic subhalos in GWs emitted by binary black-hole mergers, and is gaining…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-16 Nino Ephremidze , Marc Kamionkowski , Cora Dvorkin

Gravitational lensing offers a powerful tool for exploring the matter distribution in the Universe. Thanks to their low frequencies and phase coherence, gravitational waves (GWs) allow for the observation of novel wave-optics features…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-01-30 Guilherme Brando , Srashti Goyal , Stefano Savastano , Hector Villarrubia-Rojo , Miguel Zumalacárregui

Alternative theories of gravity predict up to six distinct polarization modes for gravitational waves. Strong gravitational lensing of gravitational waves allows us to probe the polarization content of these signals by effectively…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-11-03 Ignacio Magaña Hernandez

In this paper, we systematically study gravitational waves (GWs) produced by remote compact astrophysical sources. To describe such GWs properly, we introduce three scales, $\lambda, \; L_c$ and $L$, denoting, respectively, the typical…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-06-30 Jared Fier , Xiongjun Fang , Bowen Li , Shinji Mukohyama , Anzhong Wang , Tao Zhu

Accelerated expansion of the Universe prompted searches of modified gravity theory beyond general relativity, instead of adding a mysterious dark energy component with exotic physical properties. One such alternative gravity approach is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-06-11 Sreekanth Harikumar , Laur Järv , Margus Saal , Aneta Wojnar , Marek Biesiada

Gravitational wave lensing, particularly microlensing by compact dark matter (DM), offers a unique avenue to probe the nature of dark matter. However, conventional detection methods are often computationally expensive, inefficient, and…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-08 Ao Liu , Tonghua Liu , Dejiang Li , Cuihong Wen , Jieci Wang , Kai Liao , Jiaxing Cui , Huan Zhou

After giving a brief introduction and presenting a complete classification of gravitational waves (GWs) according to their frequencies, we review and summarize the detection methods, the sensitivities, and the sources. We notice that…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-02-03 Kazuaki Kuroda , Wei-Tou Ni , Wei-Ping Pan

Gravitational wave astronomy is rapidly advancing with the development of new observatories, leading to an increasing volume and complexity of data. This trend places growing pressure on classical data analysis methods and motivates the…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-19 Fangzhou Guo , Jibo He

LIGO's detection of gravitational waves marks a first step in measurable effects of general relativity on quantum matter. In its current operation, laser interferometer gravitational-wave detectors are already quantum limited at high…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-19 Belinda Pang , Yanbei Chen

Using Fermat's principle, we analyze the effects of very long wavelength gravitational waves upon the images of a gravitationally lensed quasar. We show that the lens equation in the presence of gravity waves is equivalent to that of a lens…

Astrophysics · Physics 2011-09-09 J. Frieman , D. Harari , G. Surpi

As of this moment, fifty gravitational waves (GW) detections have been announced, thanks to the observational efforts of the LIGO-Virgo Collaboration, working with the Advanced LIGO and the Advanced Virgo interferometers. The detection of…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2021-12-30 Filip Morawski , Michał Bejger , Elena Cuoco , Luigia Petre

We demonstrate the potential of new adaptive optical technology to expand the detection horizon of gravitational-wave observatories. Achieving greater quantum-noise-limited sensitivity to spacetime strain hinges on achieving higher…

Gravitational lensing of gravitational waves is expected to be observed in current and future detectors. In view of the growing number of detections, computationally light pipelines are needed. Detection pipelines used in past…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-09 Jef Heynen , Soumen Roy , Justin Janquart

We demonstrate analytically that gravitational waves, upon interacting with co-propagating electromagnetic radiation in a plasma, induce distinctive sidebands on the modulated light, thereby providing a detectable signature of their…

General Physics · Physics 2025-05-22 Martin W. McCall , Stefanos Fr. Koufidis

The detection of gravitational waves opened up a new window to look into the Universe by probing phenomena invisible through electromagnetic observations. As gravitational waves interact very weakly with matter, their detection is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-05-29 Soumen Roy , Bruno Bertrand , Justin Janquart

With the discovery of gravitational waves and fast radio bursts, wave optics has become increasingly relevant in astrophysics. This paper studies the behaviour of random gravitational and plasma lenses, presenting the refractive and…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-02-26 Job Feldbrugge , Samuel Crew , Ue-Li Pen

We present a framework that reformulates gravitational lensing as an optical phenomenon governed by an effective refractive index, enabling exploration of modified gravity theories using undergraduate-level mathematics and optics. After…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-09 Romy Hanang Setya Budhi

The mass-sheet degeneracy is a well-known problem in gravitational lensing which limits our capability to infer astrophysical lens properties or cosmological parameters from observations. As the number of gravitational wave observations…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-07-07 Paolo Cremonese , Jose María Ezquiaga , Vincenzo Salzano