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Pretraining is the preliminary and fundamental step in developing capable language models (LM). Despite this, pretraining data design is critically under-documented and often guided by empirically unsupported intuitions. To address this, we…

Pre-trained code models rely heavily on high-quality pre-training data, particularly human-written reference comments that bridge code and natural language. However, these comments often become outdated as software evolves, degrading model…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Kang Yang , Xinjun Mao , Shangwen Wang , Yanlin Wang , Tanghaoran Zhang , Bo Lin , Yihao Qin , Zhang Zhang , Yao Lu , Kamal Al-Sabahi

Language models (LMs) are pre-trained on raw text datasets to generate text sequences token-by-token. While this approach facilitates the learning of world knowledge and reasoning, it does not explicitly optimize for linguistic competence.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Atsuki Yamaguchi , Maggie Mi , Nikolaos Aletras

Most studies on language model pretraining focus on large datasets, leaving open questions about optimization in data-constrained settings. In such settings, the effects of training data order and of including alternative versions of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Matthew Theodore Roque , Dan John Velasco

Large language models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across various tasks, primarily attributed to the utilization of diversely sourced data. However, the impact of pretraining data composition on model performance remains poorly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Ce Ge , Zhijian Ma , Daoyuan Chen , Yaliang Li , Bolin Ding

Context: In the fast-paced evolution of software development, Large Language Models (LLMs) have become indispensable tools for tasks such as code generation, completion, analysis, and bug fixing. Ensuring the robustness of these models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Yang Liu , Armstrong Foundjem , Xingfang Wu , Heng Li , Foutse Khomh

Large language models can perform semantic parsing with little training data, when prompted with in-context examples. It has been shown that this can be improved by formulating the problem as paraphrasing into canonical utterances, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Richard Shin , Benjamin Van Durme

Deep learning models are widely used for solving challenging code processing tasks, such as code generation or code summarization. Traditionally, a specific model architecture was carefully built to solve a particular code processing task.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-11-18 Sergey Troshin , Nadezhda Chirkova

Large-scale pretraining instills large amounts of knowledge in deep neural networks. This, in turn, improves the generalization behavior of these models in downstream tasks. What exactly are the limits to the generalization benefits of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-23 A. Emin Orhan

Motivation. Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited remarkable proficiency in diverse software engineering (SE) tasks. Handling such tasks typically involves acquiring foundational coding knowledge on large, general-purpose datasets…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-02 José Antonio Hernández López , Boqi Chen , Mootez Saaz , Tushar Sharma , Dániel Varró

Pre-trained language models (LMs) obtain state-of-the-art performance when adapted to text classification tasks. However, when using such models in real-world applications, efficiency considerations are paramount. In this paper, we study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Laura Aina , Nikos Voskarides , Roi Blanco

Recent studies have shown that code language models at scale demonstrate significant performance gains on downstream tasks, i.e., code generation. However, most of the existing works on code representation learning train models at a hundred…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Dejiao Zhang , Wasi Ahmad , Ming Tan , Hantian Ding , Ramesh Nallapati , Dan Roth , Xiaofei Ma , Bing Xiang

In the realm of Large Language Models (LLMs), prompt optimization is crucial for model performance. Although previous research has explored aspects like rephrasing prompt contexts, using various prompting techniques (like in-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Jia He , Mukund Rungta , David Koleczek , Arshdeep Sekhon , Franklin X Wang , Sadid Hasan

Despite achieving impressive results on standard benchmarks, large foundational models still struggle against code-switching test cases. When data scarcity cannot be used as the usual justification for poor performance, the reason may lie…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Enes Yavuz Ugan , Ngoc-Quan Pham , Alexander Waibel

Code-switching, or alternating between languages within a single conversation, presents challenges for multilingual language models on NLP tasks. This research investigates if pre-training Multilingual BERT (mBERT) on code-switched datasets…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Katherine Xie , Nitya Babbar , Vicky Chen , Yoanna Turura

Language models have demonstrated remarkable performance in solving reasoning tasks; however, even the strongest models still occasionally make reasoning mistakes. Recently, there has been active research aimed at improving reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Tian Ye , Zicheng Xu , Yuanzhi Li , Zeyuan Allen-Zhu

Despite rapid advances in the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), they continue to struggle with following relatively simple and unambiguous instructions, particularly when compositional structure is involved. Recent work suggests…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Prince Kumar , Rudra Murthy , Riyaz Bhat , Danish Contractor

When pre-trained on large unsupervised textual corpora, language models are able to store and retrieve factual knowledge to some extent, making it possible to use them directly for zero-shot cloze-style question answering. However, storing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Fabio Petroni , Patrick Lewis , Aleksandra Piktus , Tim Rocktäschel , Yuxiang Wu , Alexander H. Miller , Sebastian Riedel

Code-mixed discourse combines multiple languages in a single text. It is commonly used in informal discourse in countries with several official languages, but also in many other countries in combination with English or neighboring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Anjali Yadav , Tanya Garg , Matej Klemen , Matej Ulcar , Basant Agarwal , Marko Robnik Sikonja

Code-mixing is increasingly prevalent in interactions between humans and large language models, yet existing work often reduces it to a translation or convertibility problem, making it difficult to assess whether a model's switching…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Qingyan Yang , Tongxi Wang , Yunsheng Luo
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