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In this paper, we study the problem of learning to bid in repeated first-price auctions with budget constraints. In each period, the decision maker needs to submit a bid to win the auction and maximize the total collected reward, subject to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-10 Zeng Fu , Jiashuo Jiang , Yuan Zhou

In this paper, we deal with the uncertainty of bidding for display advertising. Similar to the financial market trading, real-time bidding (RTB) based display advertising employs an auction mechanism to automate the impression level media…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-01-23 Haifeng Zhang , Weinan Zhang , Yifei Rong , Kan Ren , Wenxin Li , Jun Wang

Online advertising has recently grown into a highly competitive and complex multi-billion-dollar industry, with advertisers bidding for ad slots at large scales and high frequencies. This has resulted in a growing need for efficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Zhe Feng , Swati Padmanabhan , Di Wang

This note pursues two primary objectives. First, we analyze the outcomes of an all-pay auction within a store where buyers with and without financial constraints arrive at varying rates, and where buyer types are private information.…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2024-04-16 Cemil Selcuk

We consider the problem of bidding in online advertising, where an advertiser aims to maximize value while adhering to budget and Return-on-Spend (RoS) constraints. Unlike prior work that assumes knowledge of the value generated by winning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Sushant Vijayan , Zhe Feng , Swati Padmanabhan , Karthikeyan Shanmugam , Arun Suggala , Di Wang

Interactions between bids to show ads online can lead to an advertiser's ad being shown to more men than women even when the advertiser does not target towards men. We design bidding strategies that advertisers can use to avoid such…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-09-06 Milad Nasr , Michael Tschantz

In many online advertisement (ad) exchanges, ad slots are each sold via a separate second-price auction. This paper considers the bidder's problem of maximizing the value of ads they purchase in these auctions, subject to budget…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-03-16 Jonathan Amar , Nicholas Renegar

We develop a novel optimization model to maximize the profit of a Demand-Side Platform (DSP) while ensuring that the budget utilization preferences of the DSP's advertiser clients are adequately met. Our model is highly flexible and can be…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-05-31 Alfonso Lobos , Paul Grigas , Zheng Wen , Kuang-chih Lee

While the auto-bidding literature predominantly considers independent bidding, we investigate the coordination problem among multiple auto-bidders in online advertising platforms. Two motivating scenarios are: collaborative bidding among…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yanru Guan , Jiahao Zhang , Zhe Feng , Tao Lin

Real-time bidding (RTB) has become a major paradigm of display advertising. Each ad impression generated from a user visit is auctioned in real time, where demand-side platform (DSP) automatically provides bid price usually relying on the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-12-26 Zhimeng Jiang , Kaixiong Zhou , Mi Zhang , Rui Chen , Xia Hu , Soo-Hyun Choi

Internet search companies sell advertisement slots based on users' search queries via an auction. Advertisers have to determine how to place bids on the keywords of their interest in order to maximize their return for a given budget: this…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2007-09-24 S. Muthukrishnan , Martin Pal , Zoya Svitkina

The ad-trading desks of media-buying agencies are increasingly relying on complex algorithms for purchasing advertising inventory. In particular, Real-Time Bidding (RTB) algorithms respond to many auctions -- usually Vickrey auctions --…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-06-20 Joaquin Fernandez-Tapia , Olivier Guéant , Jean-Michel Lasry

Real-Time Bidding (RTB) is revolutionising display advertising by facilitating per-impression auctions to buy ad impressions as they are being generated. Being able to use impression-level data, such as user cookies, encourages user…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-03-04 Weinan Zhang , Yifei Rong , Jun Wang , Tianchi Zhu , Xiaofan Wang

In computational advertising, a challenging problem is how to recommend the bid for advertisers to achieve the best return on investment (ROI) given budget constraint. This paper presents a bid recommendation scenario that discovers the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-12-29 Deguang Kong , Konstantin Shmakov , Jian Yang

In this paper, we consider the problem of optimizing the revenue a web publisher gets through real-time bidding (i.e. from ads sold in real-time auctions) and direct (i.e. from ads sold through contracts agreed in advance). We consider a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Grégoire Jauvion , Nicolas Grislain

Real-time bidding (RTB) based display advertising has become one of the key technological advances in computational advertising. RTB enables advertisers to buy individual ad impressions via an auction in real-time and facilitates the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-03-13 Kan Ren , Weinan Zhang , Ke Chang , Yifei Rong , Yong Yu , Jun Wang

Bidding strategies that help advertisers determine bidding prices are receiving increasing attention as more and more ad impressions are sold through real-time bidding systems. This paper first describes the problem and challenges of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Mengjuan Liu , Zhengning Hu , Zhi Lai , Daiwei Zheng , Xuyun Nie

In programmatic advertising, ad slots are usually sold using second-price (SP) auctions in real-time. The highest bidding advertiser wins but pays only the second-highest bid (known as the winning price). In SP, for a single item, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-22 Aritra Ghosh , Saayan Mitra , Somdeb Sarkhel , Jason Xie , Gang Wu , Viswanathan Swaminathan

In the Real-Time Bidding (RTB), advertisers are increasingly relying on bid optimization to gain more conversions (i.e trade or arrival). Currently, the efficiency of bid optimization is still challenged by the (1) sparse feedback, (2) the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Xiao Wang , Shaoguo Liu , Yidong Jia , Yuxin Fu , Yufang Yu , Liang Wang , Bo Zheng

When sales of a product are affected by randomness in demand, retailers can use dynamic pricing strategies to maximise their profits. In this article the pricing problem is formulated as a stochastic optimal control problem, where the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-10-17 Asbjørn N. Riseth , Jeff N. Dewynne , Chris L. Farmer