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Bitcoin derives a verifiable temporal order from probabilistic block discovery and cumulative proof-of-work rather than from a trusted global clock. We show that block arrivals exhibit stable exponential behavior across difficulty epochs,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Bin Chen , Pan Feng

The wide success of Bitcoin has led to a huge surge of alternative cryptocurrencies (altcoins). Most altcoins essentially fork Bitcoin's code with minor modifications, such as the number of coins to be minted, the block size, and the block…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Sebastien Andreina , Lorenzo Alluminio , Giorgia Azzurra Marson , Ghassan Karame

We study to what extent the Bitcoin blockchain security permanently depends on the underlying distribution of cryptocurrency market outcomes. We use daily blockchain and Bitcoin data for 2014-2019 and employ the ARDL approach. We test three…

General Economics · Economics 2021-02-18 Pavel Ciaian , d'Artis Kancs , Miroslava Rajcaniova

Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer cryptographic currency system. Since its introduction in 2008, Bitcoin has gained noticeable popularity, mostly due to its following properties: (1) the transaction fees are very low, and (2) it is not controlled…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-07-01 Marcin Andrychowicz , Stefan Dziembowski , Daniel Malinowski , Łukasz Mazurek

We present a detailed bubble analysis of the Bitcoin to US Dollar price dynamics from January 2012 to February 2018. We introduce a robust automatic peak detection method that classifies price time series into periods of uninterrupted…

Econometrics · Economics 2019-05-31 Jan-Christian Gerlach , Guilherme Demos , Didier Sornette

In this paper, we study the possibility of inferring early warning indicators (EWIs) for periods of extreme bitcoin price volatility using features obtained from Bitcoin daily transaction graphs. We infer the low-dimensional representations…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2019-02-08 Nino Antulov-Fantulin , Dijana Tolic , Matija Piskorec , Zhang Ce , Irena Vodenska

This paper investigates the effects of the launch of Bitcoin futures on the intraday volatility of Bitcoin. Based on one-minute price data collected from four cryptocurrency exchanges, we first examine the change in realized volatility…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2019-06-11 Wonse Kim , Junseok Lee , Kyungwon Kang

This study presents an innovative approach for predicting cryptocurrency time series, specifically focusing on Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Litecoin. The methodology integrates the use of technical indicators, a Performer neural network, and…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-03-07 Mohammad Ali Labbaf Khaniki , Mohammad Manthouri

This paper investigates whether Bittensor can be considered the Bitcoin of decentralized Artificial Intelligence by directly comparing its tokenomics, decentralization properties, consensus mechanism, and incentive structure against those…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Elizabeth Lui , Jiahao Sun

Bitcoin-NG is among the first blockchain protocols to approach the \emph{near-optimal} throughput by decoupling blockchain operation into two planes: leader election and transaction serialization. Its decoupling idea has inspired a new…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Jianyu Niu , Ziyu Wang , Fangyu Gai , Chen Feng

What is the role of social interactions in the creation of price bubbles? Answering this question requires obtaining collective behavioural traces generated by the activity of a large number of actors. Digital currencies offer a unique…

Physics and Society · Physics 2014-08-11 David Garcia , Claudio Juan Tessone , Pavlin Mavrodiev , Nicolas Perony

We develop a dynamic model of the Bitcoin market where users set fees themselves and miners decide whether to operate and whom to validate based on those fees. Our analysis reveals how, in equilibrium, users adjust their bids in response to…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-02-24 Yuichiro Kamada , Shunya Noda

The possibility to analyze everyday monetary transactions is limited by the scarcity of available data, as this kind of information is usually considered highly sensitive. Present econophysics models are usually employed on presumed random…

Physics and Society · Physics 2014-04-01 Dániel Kondor , Márton Pósfai , István Csabai , Gábor Vattay

The third Bitcoin halving that took place in May 2020 cut down the mining reward from 12.5 to 6.25 BTC per block and thus slowed down the rate of issuance of new Bitcoins, making it more scarce. The fourth and most recent halving happened…

General Economics · Economics 2025-11-11 Vladislav Virtonen

Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency that features a distributed, decentralized and trustworthy mechanism, which has made Bitcoin a popular global transaction platform. The transaction efficiency among nations and the privacy benefiting from address…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-03-20 Yu-Jing Lin , Po-Wei Wu , Cheng-Han Hsu , I-Ping Tu , Shih-wei Liao

Bitcoin is by far the most popular crypto-currency solution enabling peer-to-peer payments. Despite some studies highlighting the network does not provide full anonymity, it is still being heavily used for a wide variety of dubious…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Yining Hu , Suranga Seneviratne , Kanchana Thilakarathna , Kensuke Fukuda , Aruna Seneviratne

Since the inception of Bitcoin in 2008, cryptocurrencies have played an increasing role in the world of e-commerce, but the recent turbulence in the cryptocurrency market in 2018 has raised some concerns about their stability and associated…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-04-14 Yan Gong , Raphaël Huser

Following the birth of Bitcoin and the introduction of the Ethereum ERC20 protocol a decade ago, recent years have witnessed a growing number of cryptographic tokens that are being introduced by researchers, private sector companies and…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-04-20 Shahar Somin , Goren Gordon , Alex Pentland , Erez Shmueli , Yaniv Altshuler

Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer payment system proposed by Nakamoto in 2008. Based on the Nakamoto consensus, Bagaria, Kannan, Tse, Fanti, and Viswanath proposed the Prism protocol in 2018 and showed that it achieves near-optimal blockchain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-27 Jing Li , Dongning Guo

Gold and bitcoin are not new to us, but with limited cash and time, given only the past stream of the daily price of gold and bitcoin, it is a kind of new problem for us to develop a certain model and determine the best strategy to get the…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-09-09 Yueying Ma , Yan Mi , Yujing Bian