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The softmax function is a fundamental building block of deep neural networks, commonly used to define output distributions in classification tasks or attention weights in transformer architectures. Despite its widespread use and proven…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Wojciech Masarczyk , Mateusz Ostaszewski , Tin Sum Cheng , Tomasz Trzciński , Aurelien Lucchi , Razvan Pascanu

Learned representations in deep reinforcement learning (DRL) have to extract task-relevant information from complex observations, balancing between robustness to distraction and informativeness to the policy. Such stable and rich…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Mete Kemertas , Tristan Aumentado-Armstrong

Few-shot learning is a challenging area of research that aims to learn new concepts with only a few labeled samples of data. Recent works based on metric-learning approaches leverage the meta-learning approach, which is encompassed by…

A soft-max function has two main efficiency measures: (1) approximation - which corresponds to how well it approximates the maximum function, (2) smoothness - which shows how sensitive it is to changes of its input. Our goal is to identify…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Alessandro Epasto , Mohammad Mahdian , Vahab Mirrokni , Manolis Zampetakis

Deep metric learning is an important area due to its applicability to many domains such as image retrieval and person re-identification. The main drawback of such models is the necessity for labeled data. In this work, we propose to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Xuefei Cao , Bor-Chun Chen , Ser-Nam Lim

The success of deep learning in numerous application domains created the de- sire to run and train them on mobile devices. This however, conflicts with their computationally, memory and energy intense nature, leading to a growing interest…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-05-10 Karen Ullrich , Edward Meeds , Max Welling

Deep matrix factorizations (deep MFs) are recent unsupervised data mining techniques inspired by constrained low-rank approximations. They aim to extract complex hierarchies of features within high-dimensional datasets. Most of the loss…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-26 Pierre De Handschutter , Nicolas Gillis

Recent findings suggest that consecutive layers of neural networks with the ReLU activation function \emph{fold} the input space during the learning process. While many works hint at this phenomenon, an approach to quantify the folding was…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Michal Lewandowski , Bernhard Heinzl , Raphael Pisoni , Bernhard A. Moser

We propose a novel loss function for imbalanced classification. LDAM loss, which minimizes a margin-based generalization bound, is widely utilized for class-imbalanced image classification. Although, by using LDAM loss, it is possible to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Sota Kato , Kazuhiro Hotta

Few-shot learning (FSL) is a challenging task in machine learning, demanding a model to render discriminative classification by using only a few labeled samples. In the literature of FSL, deep models are trained in a manner of metric…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Tong Wu , Takumi Kobayashi

Many reinforcement learning (RL) tasks provide the agent with high-dimensional observations that can be simplified into low-dimensional continuous states. To formalize this process, we introduce the concept of a DeepMDP, a parameterized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-07 Carles Gelada , Saurabh Kumar , Jacob Buckman , Ofir Nachum , Marc G. Bellemare

Deep metric learning algorithms have been utilized to learn discriminative and generalizable models which are effective for classifying unseen classes. In this paper, a novel noise tolerant deep metric learning algorithm is proposed. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-09 Soumyadeep Ghosh , Richa Singh , Mayank Vatsa

Pair-wise loss is an approach to metric learning that learns a semantic embedding by optimizing a loss function that encourages images from the same semantic class to be mapped closer than images from different classes. The literature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-28 Hong Xuan , Robert Pless

Learning from demonstration (LfD) is considered as an efficient way to transfer skills from humans to robots. Traditionally, LfD has been used to transfer Cartesian and joint positions and forces from human demonstrations. The traditional…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Fares J. Abu-Dakka , Matteo Saveriano , Ville Kyrki

Loss functions play a pivotal role in optimizing recommendation models. Among various loss functions, Softmax Loss (SL) and Cosine Contrastive Loss (CCL) are particularly effective. Their theoretical connections and differences warrant…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Shengjia Zhang , Jiawei Chen , Changdong Li , Sheng Zhou , Qihao Shi , Yan Feng , Chun Chen , Can Wang

Recent semi-supervised learning methods use pseudo supervision as core idea, especially self-training methods that generate pseudo labels. However, pseudo labels are unreliable. Self-training methods usually rely on single model prediction…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Zhengyang Feng , Qianyu Zhou , Qiqi Gu , Xin Tan , Guangliang Cheng , Xuequan Lu , Jianping Shi , Lizhuang Ma

We present a novel method for Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), incorporating the convex property of the value function over the belief space in Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs). We introduce hard- and soft-enforced…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Daniel Koutas , Daniel Hettegger , Kostas G. Papakonstantinou , Daniel Straub

In Federated Learning, a global model is learned by aggregating model updates computed at a set of independent client nodes, to reduce communication costs multiple gradient steps are performed at each node prior to aggregation. A key…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Gwen Legate , Lucas Caccia , Eugene Belilovsky

This paper proposes a deep representation learning using an information-theoretic loss with an aim to increase the inter-class distances as well as within-class similarity in the embedded space. Tasks such as anomaly and out-of-distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Shin Ando

In a multi-class classification problem, it is standard to model the output of a neural network as a categorical distribution conditioned on the inputs. The output must therefore be positive and sum to one, which is traditionally enforced…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-03-01 Alexandre de Brébisson , Pascal Vincent