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Automatic music transcription (AMT) is the task of transcribing audio recordings into symbolic representations. Recently, neural network-based methods have been applied to AMT, and have achieved state-of-the-art results. However, many…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Qiuqiang Kong , Bochen Li , Xuchen Song , Yuan Wan , Yuxuan Wang

MIDI velocity is crucial for capturing expressive dynamics in human performances. In practical scenarios, a music score with inaccurate velocities may be available alongside the performance audio (e.g., music education and free online…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-03 Zhanhong He , Roberto Togneri , David Huang

Automatic estimation of piano fingering is important for understanding the computational process of music performance and applicable to performance assistance and education systems. While a natural way to formulate the quality of fingerings…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-03 Eita Nakamura , Yasuyuki Saito , Kazuyoshi Yoshii

We propose a framework for audio-to-score alignment on piano performance that employs automatic music transcription (AMT) using neural networks. Even though the AMT result may contain some errors, the note prediction output can be regarded…

Sound · Computer Science 2017-11-15 Taegyun Kwon , Dasaem Jeong , Juhan Nam

Automatic drum transcription, a subtask of the more general automatic music transcription, deals with extracting drum instrument note onsets from an audio source. Recently, progress in transcription performance has been made using…

Sound · Computer Science 2018-10-04 Richard Vogl , Gerhard Widmer , Peter Knees

Automatic transcription of acoustic guitar fingerpicking performances remains a challenging task due to the scarcity of labeled training data and legal constraints connected with musical recordings. This work investigates a procedural data…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Sebastian Murgul , Michael Heizmann

Most recent research about automatic music transcription (AMT) uses convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks to model the mapping from music signals to symbolic notation. Based on a high-resolution piano transcription…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-11 Longshen Ou , Ziyi Guo , Emmanouil Benetos , Jiqing Han , Ye Wang

In a recent conference paper, we have reported a rhythm transcription method based on a merged-output hidden Markov model (HMM) that explicitly describes the multiple-voice structure of polyphonic music. This model solves a major problem of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-01-31 Eita Nakamura , Kazuyoshi Yoshii , Shigeki Sagayama

Automatic musical accompaniment is where a human musician is accompanied by a computer musician. The computer musician is able to produce musical accompaniment that relates musically to the human performance. The accompaniment should follow…

Sound · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Anyi Rao , Francis Lau

Guitar tablature is a form of music notation widely used among guitarists. It captures not only the musical content of a piece, but also its implementation and ornamentation on the instrument. Guitar Tablature Transcription (GTT) is an…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yongyi Zang , Yi Zhong , Frank Cwitkowitz , Zhiyao Duan

Automatic Music Transcription (AMT) -- the task of converting music audio into note representations -- has seen rapid progress, driven largely by deep learning systems. Due to the limited availability of richly annotated music datasets,…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Lukáš Samuel Marták , Patricia Hu , Gerhard Widmer

We investigate a late-fusion approach to piano transcription, combined with a strong temporal prior in the form of a handcrafted Hidden Markov Model (HMM). The network architecture under consideration is compact in terms of its number of…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-06-24 Rainer Kelz , Sebastian Böck , Gerhard Widmer

We study modifications of the Viterbi Training (VT) algorithm to estimate emission parameters in Hidden Markov Models (HMM) in general, and in mixure models in particular. Motivated by applications of VT to HMM that are used in speech…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2007-06-13 J. Lember , A. Koloydenko

Taking long-term spectral and temporal dependencies into account is essential for automatic piano transcription. This is especially helpful when determining the precise onset and offset for each note in the polyphonic piano content. In this…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Keisuke Toyama , Taketo Akama , Yukara Ikemiya , Yuhta Takida , Wei-Hsiang Liao , Yuki Mitsufuji

This paper presents the results of the 2025 Automatic Music Transcription (AMT) Challenge, an online competition to benchmark progress in multi-instrument transcription. Eight teams submitted valid solutions; two outperformed the baseline…

In recent years, the task of Automatic Music Transcription (AMT), whereby various attributes of music notes are estimated from audio, has received increasing attention. At the same time, the related task of Multi-Pitch Estimation (MPE)…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-18 Frank Cwitkowitz , Toni Hirvonen , Anssi Klapuri

Motivated by the state-of-art psychological research, we note that a piano performance transcribed with existing Automatic Music Transcription (AMT) methods cannot be successfully resynthesized without affecting the artistic content of the…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Federico Simonetta , Stavros Ntalampiras , Federico Avanzini

This paper describes an automatic drum transcription (ADT) method that directly estimates a tatum-level drum score from a music signal, in contrast to most conventional ADT methods that estimate the frame-level onset probabilities of drums.…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-05-13 Ryoto Ishizuka , Ryo Nishikimi , Kazuyoshi Yoshii

Existing approaches for generating multitrack music with transformer models have been limited in terms of the number of instruments, the length of the music segments and slow inference. This is partly due to the memory requirements of the…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Hao-Wen Dong , Ke Chen , Shlomo Dubnov , Julian McAuley , Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick

Automatic music transcription (AMT) aims to infer a latent symbolic representation of a piece of music (piano-roll), given a corresponding observed audio recording. Transcribing polyphonic music (when multiple notes are played…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-19 Pablo A. Alvarado , Dan Stowell