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Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances the factual accuracy of large language models (LLMs) by conditioning outputs on external knowledge sources. However, when retrieval involves private or sensitive data, RAG systems are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Haoran Wang , Xiongxiao Xu , Baixiang Huang , Kai Shu

The rapid advancement of generative models has led to the synthesis of real-fake ambiguous voices. To erase the ambiguity, embedding watermarks into the frequency-domain features of synthesized voices has become a common routine. However,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Yue Li , Weizhi Liu , Dongdong Lin , Hui Tian , Hongxia Wang

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems enhance large language models (LLMs) with external knowledge but are vulnerable to corpus poisoning and contamination attacks, which can compromise output integrity. Existing defenses often apply…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Xiaonan Si , Meilin Zhu , Simeng Qin , Lijia Yu , Lijun Zhang , Shuaitong Liu , Xinfeng Li , Ranjie Duan , Yang Liu , Xiaojun Jia

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have accelerated progress toward artificial general intelligence, yet their potential to generate harmful content poses critical safety challenges. Existing alignment methods often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Kehua Feng , Keyan Ding , Yuhao Wang , Menghan Li , Fanjunduo Wei , Xinda Wang , Qiang Zhang , Huajun Chen

Toxicity detection mitigates the dissemination of toxic content (e.g., hateful comments, posts, and messages within online social actions) to safeguard a healthy online social environment. However, malicious users persistently develop…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Hankun Kang , Xin Miao , Jianhao Chen , Jintao Wen , Mayi Xu , Weiyu Zhang , Wenpeng Lu , Tieyun Qian

Herman et al. pointed out that the insertion of run-time checks into a gradually typed program could hamper tail-call optimization and, as a result, worsen the space complexity of the program. To address the problem, they proposed a…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-11-11 Yuya Tsuda , Atsushi Igarashi , Tomoya Tabuchi

To be usable in practice, interactive theorem provers need to provide convenient and efficient means of writing expressions, definitions, and proofs. This involves inferring information that is often left implicit in an ordinary…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-12-18 Leonardo de Moura , Jeremy Avigad , Soonho Kong , Cody Roux

Test input generators are an important part of property-based testing (PBT) frameworks, and a key expectation is that they be capable of producing all acceptable elements that satisfy both the function's input type and the…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Zhe Zhou , Ashish Mishra , Benjamin Delaware , Suresh Jagannathan

Generative vision-language models like Stable Diffusion demonstrate remarkable capabilities in creative media synthesis, but they also pose substantial risks of producing unsafe, offensive, or culturally inappropriate content when prompted…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Xin Zhao , Xiaojun Chen , Bingshan Liu , Zeyao Liu , Zhendong Zhao , Xiaoyan Gu

Large language models remain vulnerable to adversarial prompts that elicit harmful outputs. Existing safety paradigms typically couple red-teaming and post-training in a closed, policy-centric loop, causing attack discovery to suffer from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Xiaozhe Zhang , Chaozhuo Li , Hui Liu , Shaocheng Yan , Bingyu Yan , Qiwei Ye , Haoliang Li

With current advancement in hybermedia knowledges, the privacy of digital information has developed a critical problem. To overawed the susceptibilities of present security protocols, scholars tend to focus mainly on efforts on alternation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Zaydon L. Ali , Wassan Saad Abduljabbar Hayale , Israa Ibraheem Al_Barazanchi , Ravi Sekhar , Pritesh Shah , Sushma Parihar

Types-and-effects are type systems, which allow one to express general semantic properties and to statically reason about program's execution. They have been widely exploited to specify static analyses, for example to track computational…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2011-08-12 Letterio Galletta , Giorgio Levi

We present a small-step, frame stack style, semantics for sequential Core Erlang, a dynamically typed, impure functional programming language. The semantics and the properties that we prove are machine-checked with the Coq proof assistant.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Péter Bereczky , Dániel Horpácsi , Simon Thompson

Securing digital text is becoming increasingly relevant due to the widespread use of large language models. Individuals' fear of losing control over data when it is being used to train such machine learning models or when distinguishing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Malte Hellmeier

Neural text generation models are typically trained by maximizing log-likelihood with the sequence cross entropy (CE) loss, which encourages an exact token-by-token match between a target sequence with a generated sequence. Such training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Guangyi Liu , Zichao Yang , Tianhua Tao , Xiaodan Liang , Junwei Bao , Zhen Li , Xiaodong He , Shuguang Cui , Zhiting Hu

Despite the remarkable ability of large language models (LLMs) in language comprehension and generation, they often suffer from producing factually incorrect information, also known as hallucination. A promising solution to this issue is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Hao Sun , Hengyi Cai , Bo Wang , Yingyan Hou , Xiaochi Wei , Shuaiqiang Wang , Yan Zhang , Dawei Yin

As the name suggests, type-logical grammars are a grammar formalism based on logic and type theory. From the prespective of grammar design, type-logical grammars develop the syntactic and semantic aspects of linguistic phenomena…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-08-29 Richard Moot

The pattern-match safety problem is to verify that a given functional program will never crash due to non-exhaustive patterns in its function definitions. We present a refinement type system that can be used to solve this problem. The…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-11-26 Eddie Jones , Steven Ramsay

Large Language Models (LLMs) are typically aligned for safety during the post-training phase; however, they may still generate inappropriate outputs that could potentially pose risks to users. This challenge underscores the need for robust…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Mahesh Kumar Nandwana , Youngwan Lim , Joseph Liu , Alex Yang , Varun Notibala , Nishchaie Khanna

Motivation: Automated bug detection in dynamically typed languages such as Python is essential for maintaining code quality. The lack of mandatory type annotations in such languages can lead to errors that are challenging to identify early…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Boqi Chen , José Antonio Hernández López , Gunter Mussbacher , Dániel Varró