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Encrypted traffic classification requires discriminative and robust traffic representation captured from content-invisible and imbalanced traffic data for accurate classification, which is challenging but indispensable to achieve network…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Xinjie Lin , Gang Xiong , Gaopeng Gou , Zhen Li , Junzheng Shi , Jing Yu

Traffic classification associates packet streams with known application labels, which is vital for network security and network management. With the rise of NAT, port dynamics, and encrypted traffic, it is increasingly challenging to obtain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-20 Bo Pang , Yongquan Fu , Siyuan Ren , Ye Wang , Qing Liao , Yan Jia

In this paper, we present a novel encrypted traffic classification model that operates directly on raw PCAP data without requiring prior assumptions about traffic type. Unlike existing methods, it is generalizable across multiple…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Federica Bianchi , Edoardo Di Paolo , Angelo Spognardi

Encrypted traffic classification is receiving widespread attention from researchers and industrial companies. However, the existing methods only extract flow-level features, failing to handle short flows because of unreliable statistical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Haozhen Zhang , Le Yu , Xi Xiao , Qing Li , Francesco Mercaldo , Xiapu Luo , Qixu Liu

Network traffic includes data transmitted across a network, such as web browsing and file transfers, and is organized into packets (small units of data) and flows (sequences of packets exchanged between two endpoints). Classifying encrypted…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Xu-Yang Chen , Lu Han , De-Chuan Zhan , Han-Jia Ye

Modern transportation network modeling increasingly involves the integration of diverse methodologies including sensor-based forecasting, reinforcement learning, classical flow optimization, and demand modeling that have traditionally been…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-08 Xuesong , Zhou , Taehooie Kim , Mostafa Ameli , Henan , Zhu , Yu- dai Honma , Ram M. Pendyala

Pre-trained models operating directly on raw bytes have achieved promising performance in encrypted network traffic classification (NTC), but often suffer from shortcut learning-relying on spurious correlations that fail to generalize to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Chuyi Wang , Xiaohui Xie , Tongze Wang , Yong Cui

In many real-world contexts, such as social or transport networks, data exhibit both structural connectivity and node-level attributes. For example, roads in a transport network can be characterized not only by their connectivity but also…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-18 Ioana Gavra , Ketsia Guichard-Sustowski , Loïc Le Marrec

Graph Attention Networks (GATs) have emerged as powerful models for learning expressive representations from such data by adaptively weighting neighboring nodes through attention mechanisms. However, most existing approaches primarily rely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Farshad Noravesh , Reza Haffari , Layki Soon , Arghya Pal

With the growing significance of network security, the classification of encrypted traffic has emerged as an urgent challenge. Traditional byte-based traffic analysis methods are constrained by the rigid granularity of information and fail…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Haozhen Zhang , Haodong Yue , Xi Xiao , Le Yu , Qing Li , Zhen Ling , Ye Zhang

The high volume of increasingly sophisticated cyber threats is drawing growing attention to cybersecurity, where many challenges remain unresolved. Namely, for intrusion detection, new algorithms that are more robust, effective, and able to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Liyan Chang , Paula Branco

Modern networks carry increasingly diverse and encrypted traffic types that demand classification techniques beyond traditional port-based and payload-based methods. This tutorial provides a practical, end-to-end guide to building…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Adrian Pekar , Richard Plny , Karel Hynek

With the fast growing demand on new services and applications as well as the increasing awareness of data protection, traditional centralized traffic classification approaches are facing unprecedented challenges. This paper introduces a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Chenxin Xu , Rong Xia , Yong Xiao , Yingyu Li , Guangming Shi , Kwang-cheng Chen

Encrypted traffic classification technology is a crucial decision-making information source for network management and security protection. It has the advantages of excellent response timeliness, large-scale data bearing, and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Zihan Chen , Guang Cheng , Jinhui Li , Tian Qin , Yuyang Zhou , Xing Luan

We show that viewing graphs as sets of node features and incorporating structural and positional information into a transformer architecture is able to outperform representations learned with classical graph neural networks (GNNs). Our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Grégoire Mialon , Dexiong Chen , Margot Selosse , Julien Mairal

The popularity of encryption mechanisms poses a great challenge to malicious traffic detection. The reason is traditional detection techniques cannot work without the decryption of encrypted traffic. Currently, research on encrypted…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Zihao Wang , Vrizlynn L. L. Thing

Inferring road graphs from satellite imagery is a challenging computer vision task. Prior solutions fall into two categories: (1) pixel-wise segmentation-based approaches, which predict whether each pixel is on a road, and (2) graph-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Songtao He , Favyen Bastani , Satvat Jagwani , Mohammad Alizadeh , Hari Balakrishnan , Sanjay Chawla , Mohamed M. Elshrif , Samuel Madden , Amin Sadeghi

Graphs are widely used to model relational data. As graphs are getting larger and larger in real-world scenarios, there is a trend to store and compute subgraphs in multiple local systems. For example, recently proposed \emph{subgraph…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Zaixi Zhang , Qingyong Hu , Yang Yu , Weibo Gao , Qi Liu

Traffic flow forecasting is a critical spatio-temporal data mining task with wide-ranging applications in intelligent route planning and dynamic traffic management. Recent advancements in deep learning, particularly through Graph Neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Weiyang Kong , Kaiqi Wu , Sen Zhang , Yubao Liu

In this paper, we introduce a novel image-goal navigation approach, named RFSG. Our focus lies in leveraging the fine-grained connections between goals, observations, and the environment within limited image data, all the while keeping the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Zhicheng Feng , Xieyuanli Chen , Chenghao Shi , Lun Luo , Zhichao Chen , Yun-Hui Liu , Huimin Lu
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