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Free-running InGaAs/InP single-photon detectors (SPDs) based on negative-feedback avalanche diodes (NFADs) are the key components for applications requiring asynchronous single-photon detection in the near-infrared region. From the…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2024-02-20 Qi Xu , Chao Yu , Wei Chen , Jianglin Zhao , Dajian Cui , Jun Zhang , Jian-Wei Pan

We give detailed insight into photon counting OTDR (nu-OTDR) operation, ranging from Geiger mode operation of avalanche photodiodes (APD), analysis of different APD bias schemes, to the discussion of OTDR perspectives. Our results…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-03-17 Patrick Eraerds , Matthieu Legre , Jun Zhang , Hugo Zbinden , Nicolas Gisin

Time-resolved single photon imaging is a promising imaging modality characterized by the unique capability of timestamping the arrivals of single photons. Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) are the leading technology for implementing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Aleksi Suonsivu , Lauri Salmela , Edoardo Peretti , Leevi Uosukainen , Radu Ciprian Bilcu , Giacomo Boracchi

Single-photon detectors are a pivotal component in photonic quantum technologies. A precise and comprehensive calibration of the intrinsic detection efficiency is of utmost importance to ensure the proper evaluation of the performance in…

Lidar with direct time-of-flight (dToF) technology based on single-photon avalanche diode detectors (SPAD) has been widely adopted in various applications. However, a comprehensive theoretical understanding of its fundamental ranging…

Optics · Physics 2025-10-09 Hao Wu , Shiyi Sun , Lijie Zhao , Yingyu Wang , Limin Tong , Linjie Shen

Avalanche photo detection is commonly used in applications which require single photon sensitivity. We examine the limits of using avalanche photo diodes (APD) for characterising photon statistics at high data rates. To identify the regime…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 H. B. Coldenstrodt-Ronge , C. Silberhorn

Modeling count data is important in physics and other scientific disciplines, where measurements often involve discrete, non-negative quantities such as photon or neutrino detection events. Traditional parametric approaches can be trained…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2026-02-10 Anushka Saha , Abhijith Gandrakota , Alexandre V. Morozov

We have performed a detailed study of the dependence of afterpulse probability in InGaAs/InP sine-gated SPAD on the dead time and the existing approach for its implementation. We demonstrated an electrical scheme combining sinusoidal gating…

Receivers with joint channel estimation and signal detection using superimposed pilots (SP) can achieve high transmission efficiency in orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) systems. However, existing receivers have high computational…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Fupeng Huang , Qinghua Guo , Youwen Zhang , Yuriy Zakharov

Receiver sensitivity is a particularly important metric in optical communication links operating at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), for example in deep-space communication, since it directly limits the maximum achievable reach and data…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-23 Ravikiran Kakarla , Mikael Mazur , Jochen Schröder , Peter A. Andrekson

The ability to detect single photons has led to the advancement of numerous research fields. Although various types of single-photon detector have been developed, because of two main factors - that is, (1) the need for operating at…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2024-09-18 Neil Na , Yen-Cheng Lu , Yu-Hsuan Liu , Po-Wei Chen , Ying-Chen Lai , You-Ru Lin , Chung-Chih Lin , Tim Shia , Chih-Hao Cheng , Shu-Lu Chen

In this study, we statistically analyze the performance of a threshold-based multiple optical signal selection scheme (TMOS) for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and adaptive coded modulation (ACM) using free space optical (FSO)…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-11-03 Jae-Eun Han , Sung Sik Nam , Duck Dong Hwang , Mohamed-Slim Alouini

Temporal photon correlation measurement, instrumental to probing the quantum properties of light, typically requires multiple single photon detectors. Progress in single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array technology highlights their…

Single-photon avalanche detectors (SPADs) are crucial sensors of light for many fields and applications. However, they are not able to resolve photon number, so typically more complex and more expensive experimental setups or devices must…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-15 Patrick Banner , Deniz Kurdak , Yaxin Li , Alan Migdall , J. V. Porto , S. L. Rolston

In ultra-fast astronomical observations featuring fast transients on sub-$\mu$s time scales, the conventional Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) threshold, often fixed at $5\sigma$, becomes inadequate as observational window timescales shorten,…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-06-24 Albert Wai Kit Lau , Leo W. H. Fung , George F. Smoot

The performance of three types of InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes is investigated for photon counting at 1550 nm in the temperature range of thermoelectric cooling. The best one yields a dark count probability of $% 2.8\cdot 10^{-5}$ per…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-16 Damien Stucki , Grégoire Ribordy , André Stefanov , Hugo Zbinden , John G. Rarity , Tom Wall

In this paper, we analyze how multi-photon subtraction operations in a feedback-assisted interferometer can enhance measurement precision for single-parameter and two-parameter estimation under both ideal and photon-loss conditions. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-09 Qingqian Kang , Zekun Zhao , Qisi Zhou , Teng Zhao , Cunjin Liu , Xin Su , Liyun Hu , Sanqiu Liu

The Michelson interferometer is a cornerstone of experimental physics. Its applications range from providing first impressions of wave interference in educational settings to probing spacetime at minuscule precision scales. Interferometer…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-11-09 Lee McCuller

We investigate the feasibility and performance of photon-number-resolved photodetection employing single-photon avalanche photodiodes (SPADs) with low dark counts. While the main idea, to split $n$ photons into $m$ detection modes with no…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2020-05-28 Rajveer Nehra , Chun-Hung Chang , Qianhuan Yu , Andreas Beling , Olivier Pfister

Photon counting is a cornerstone of quantum optics. Here, we demonstrate precisely counting from 0 to over 9000 photons, beating the Poisson noise limit by at least $4.1~\mathrm{dB}$ across this range. We achieve sub-single-photon precision…