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Hyperparameters of deep neural networks are often optimized by grid search, random search or Bayesian optimization. As an alternative, we propose to use the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES), which is known for its…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-04-26 Ilya Loshchilov , Frank Hutter

One of the most challenging types of ill-posedness in global optimization is the presence of insensitivity regions in design parameter space, so the identification of their shape will be crucial, if ill-posedness is irrecoverable. Such…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-05-20 Jakub Sawicki , Maciej Smołka , Marcin Łoś , Robert Schaefer

Evolutionary optimization algorithms often face defects and limitations that complicate the evolution processes or even prevent them from reaching the global optimum. A notable constraint pertains to the considerable quantity of function…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Farshid Farhadi Khouzani , Abdolreza Mirzaei , Paul La Plante , Laxmi Gewali

The covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) is one of the most successful methods for solving continuous black-box optimization problems. A practically useful aspect of the CMA-ES is that it can be used without…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Masahiro Nomura , Youhei Akimoto , Isao Ono

Proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers are important and widely used tools in system control. Tuning of the controller gains is a laborious task, especially for complex systems such as combustion engines. To minimize the time of…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-06-07 Katerina Henclova

The Increasing Population Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (IPOP-CMA-ES) algorithm is a reference stochastic optimizer dedicated to blackbox optimization, where no prior knowledge about the underlying problem structure is…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-02 David Redon , Pierre Fortin , Bilel Derbel , Miwako Tsuji , Mitsuhisa Sato

Black-box optimization problems often require simultaneously optimizing different types of variables, such as continuous, integer, and categorical variables. Unlike integer variables, categorical variables do not necessarily have a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Ryoki Hamano , Shota Saito , Masahiro Nomura , Kento Uchida , Shinichi Shirakawa

This paper proposes a natural evolution strategy (NES) for mixed-integer black-box optimization (MI-BBO) that appears in real-world problems such as hyperparameter optimization of machine learning and materials design. This problem is…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Koki Ikeda , Isao Ono

Experimental robot optimization often requires evaluating each candidate policy for seconds to minutes. The chosen evaluation time influences optimization because of a speed-accuracy tradeoff: shorter evaluations enable faster iteration,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Russell M. Martin , Steven H. Collins

Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) is a highly effective optimization technique. A primary challenge when applying CMA-ES in high dimensionality is sampling from a multivariate normal distribution with an arbitrary…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Jarosław Arabas , Adam Stelmaszczyk , Eryk Warchulski , Dariusz Jagodziński , Rafał Biedrzycki

Rather than obtaining a single good solution for a given optimization problem, users often seek alternative design choices, because the best-found solution may perform poorly with respect to additional objectives or constraints that are…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Maria Laura Santoni , Christoph Dürr , Carola Doerr , Mike Preuss , Elena Raponi

We introduce an acceleration for covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategies (CMA-ES) by means of adaptive diagonal decoding (dd-CMA). This diagonal acceleration endows the default CMA-ES with the advantages of separable CMA-ES…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-05-16 Youhei Akimoto , Nikolaus Hansen

We propose a computationally efficient limited memory Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy for large scale optimization, which we call the LM-CMA-ES. The LM-CMA-ES is a stochastic, derivative-free algorithm for numerical…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2014-04-23 Ilya Loshchilov

In the post-Moore era, main performance gains of black-box optimizers are increasingly depending on parallelism, especially for large-scale optimization (LSO). Here we propose to parallelize the well-established covariance matrix adaptation…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Qiqi Duan , Chang Shao , Guochen Zhou , Minghan Zhang , Qi Zhao , Yuhui Shi

This tutorial introduces the CMA Evolution Strategy (ES), where CMA stands for Covariance Matrix Adaptation. The CMA-ES is a stochastic, or randomized, method for real-parameter (continuous domain) optimization of non-linear, non-convex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Nikolaus Hansen

In the field of evolutionary computation, one of the most challenging topics is algorithm selection. Knowing which heuristics to use for which optimization problem is key to obtaining high-quality solutions. We aim to extend this research…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-04-17 Diederick Vermetten , Sander van Rijn , Thomas Bäck , Carola Doerr

We combine a refined version of two-point step-size adaptation with the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES). Additionally, we suggest polished formulae for the learning rate of the covariance matrix and the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2008-12-18 Nikolaus Hansen

This paper introduces a novel theoretically sound approach for the celebrated CMA-ES algorithm. Assuming the parameters of the multi variate normal distribution for the minimum follow a conjugate prior distribution, we derive their optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-03 Eric Benhamou , David Saltiel , Sebastien Verel , Fabien Teytaud

We focus on the challenge of finding a diverse collection of quality solutions on complex continuous domains. While quality diver-sity (QD) algorithms like Novelty Search with Local Competition (NSLC) and MAP-Elites are designed to generate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-08 Matthew C. Fontaine , Julian Togelius , Stefanos Nikolaidis , Amy K. Hoover

This paper proposes a way to combine the Mesh Adaptive Direct Search (MADS) algorithm with the Cross-Entropy (CE) method for non smooth constrained optimization. The CE method is used as a Search step by the MADS algorithm. The result of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-08-15 Charles Audet , Romain Couderc , Jean Bigeon