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Procedural content generation via machine learning (PCGML) is the process of procedurally generating game content using models trained on existing game content. PCGML methods can struggle to capture the true variance present in underlying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Bowei Li , Ruohan Chen , Yuqing Xue , Ricky Wang , Wenwen Li , Matthew Guzdial

The past decade has seen a rapid increase in the level of research interest in procedural content generation (PCG) for digital games, and there are now numerous research avenues focused on new approaches for driving and applying PCG…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Oliver Withington , Laurissa Tokarchuk

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is increasingly utilized to enhance the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, effectively scaling these RL methods presents significant challenges, primarily due to the difficulty in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Alexandre Piché , Ehsan Kamalloo , Rafael Pardinas , Xiaoyin Chen , Dzmitry Bahdanau

Reinforcement learning (RL) promises to enable autonomous acquisition of complex behaviors for diverse agents. However, the success of current reinforcement learning algorithms is predicated on an often under-emphasised requirement -- each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Archit Sharma , Abhishek Gupta , Sergey Levine , Karol Hausman , Chelsea Finn

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has achieved significant success in application domains such as robotics, games and health care. However, training RL agents is very time consuming. Current implementations exhibit poor performance due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Chi Zhang , Sanmukh Rao Kuppannagari , Viktor K Prasanna

It has recently been shown that reinforcement learning can be used to train generators capable of producing high-quality game levels, with quality defined in terms of some user-specified heuristic. To ensure that these generators' output is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-10 Sam Earle , Maria Edwards , Ahmed Khalifa , Philip Bontrager , Julian Togelius

Code generation, which aims to automatically generate source code from given programming requirements, has the potential to substantially improve software development efficiency. With the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs),…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Shouyu Yin , Zhao Tian , Junjie Chen , Shikai Guo

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become central to training large language models (LLMs), yet the field lacks predictive scaling methodologies comparable to those established for pre-training. Despite rapidly rising compute budgets, there is…

Techniques for procedural content generation via machine learning (PCGML) have been shown to be useful for generating novel game content. While used primarily for producing new content in the style of the game domain used for training,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Anurag Sarkar , Adam Summerville , Sam Snodgrass , Gerard Bentley , Joseph Osborn

Deep Reinforcement Learning can play a key role in addressing sustainable energy challenges. For instance, many grid systems are heavily congested, highlighting the urgent need to enhance operational efficiency. However, reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Koen Ponse , Jan Felix Kleuker , Aske Plaat , Thomas Moerland

The idea of transfer in reinforcement learning (TRL) is intriguing: being able to transfer knowledge from one problem to another problem without learning everything from scratch. This promises quicker learning and learning more complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-13 Matthias Müller-Brockhausen , Mike Preuss , Aske Plaat

Goal-conditioned and Multi-Task Reinforcement Learning (GCRL and MTRL) address numerous problems related to robot learning, including locomotion, navigation, and manipulation scenarios. Recent works focusing on language-defined robotic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Julien Perez , Denys Proux , Claude Roux , Michael Niemaz

The evaluation of procedural content generation (PCG) systems for generating video game levels is a complex and contested topic. Ideally, the field would have access to robust, generalisable and widely accepted evaluation approaches that…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Oliver Withington , Michael Cook , Laurissa Tokarchuk

We introduce ComputerRL, a framework for autonomous desktop intelligence that enables agents to operate complex digital workspaces skillfully. ComputerRL features the API-GUI paradigm, which unifies programmatic API calls and direct GUI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Hanyu Lai , Xiao Liu , Yanxiao Zhao , Han Xu , Hanchen Zhang , Bohao Jing , Yanyu Ren , Shuntian Yao , Yuxiao Dong , Jie Tang

Compressed prompts aid instruction-tuned language models (LMs) in overcoming context window limitations and reducing computational costs. Existing methods, which primarily based on training embeddings, face various challenges associated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Hoyoun Jung , Kyung-Joong Kim

Advanced model-based controllers are well established in process industries. However, such controllers require regular maintenance to maintain acceptable performance. It is a common practice to monitor controller performance continuously…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-14 Steven Spielberg , Aditya Tulsyan , Nathan P. Lawrence , Philip D Loewen , R. Bhushan Gopaluni

Curriculum reinforcement learning (CRL) improves the learning speed and stability of an agent by exposing it to a tailored series of tasks throughout learning. Despite empirical successes, an open question in CRL is how to automatically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Pascal Klink , Carlo D'Eramo , Jan Peters , Joni Pajarinen

At the core of reinforcement learning is the idea of learning beyond the performance in the data. However, scaling such systems has proven notoriously tricky. In contrast, techniques from generative modeling have proven remarkably scalable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Kevin Frans , Seohong Park , Pieter Abbeel , Sergey Levine

In-Context Reinforcement Learning (ICRL) represents a promising paradigm for developing generalist agents that learn at inference time through trial-and-error interactions, analogous to how large language models adapt contextually, but with…

The goal of continuous control is to synthesize desired behaviors. In reinforcement learning (RL)-driven approaches, this is often accomplished through careful task reward engineering for efficient exploration and running an off-the-shelf…