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Quantum key distribution (QKD) represents a cornerstone of secure communication in the quantum era. While discrete-variable QKD (DV-QKD) protocols were historically the first to demonstrate secure key exchange, continuous-variable QKD…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-30 Mobin Motaharifar , Mahmood Hasani , Hassan Kaatuzian

Continuous variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) with discrete modulation combines advantages of CVQKD, such as the implementability using readily available technologies, with advantages of discrete variable quantum key distribution,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-13 Carlos Pascual-García , Stefan Bäuml , Mateus Araújo , Rotem Liss , Antonio Acín

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables two remote parties to grow a shared key which they can use for unconditionally secure communication [1]. The applicable distance of a QKD protocol depends on the loss and the excess noise of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-10-08 Lars S. Madsen , Vladyslav C. Usenko , Mikael Lassen , Radim Filip , Ulrik L. Andersen

Constrained devices, such as smart sensors, wearable devices, and Internet of Things nodes, are increasingly prevalent in society and rely on secure communications to function properly. These devices often operate autonomously, exchanging…

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) is realized with coherent detection and is therefore very suitable for a cost-efficient implementation. The major challenge in CV-QKD is mitigation of laser phase noise at a signal to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-13 Sebastian Kleis , Max Rueckmann , Christian G. Schaeffer

This paper studies a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) free-space optical (FSO) communication system employing continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD), with the goal to support secret key transmission between two…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Sushil Kumar , Soumya P. Dash , George C. Alexandropoulos

We consider discrete-modulation protocols for continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) that employ a modulation constellation consisting of a finite number of coherent states and that use a homodyne or a heterodyne-detection…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-20 Eneet Kaur , Saikat Guha , Mark M. Wilde

The combination of quantum secret sharing (QSS) and continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) has demonstrated clear advantages and has undergone significant development in recent years. However, research on the practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-18 Fangli Yang , Liang Chang , Minghua Pan

In a practical continuous-variable quantum-key distribution (CVQKD), the fluctuations of the local oscillator (LO) not only make the normalization of Bob's measurement outcomes difficult, but also can change the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-03-12 Xiang-Chun Ma , Shi-Hai Sun , Mu-Sheng Jiang , Ming Gui , Yan-Li Zhou , Lin-Mei Liang

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) enables remote users to share high-rate and unconditionally secure secret keys while maintaining compatibility with classical optical communication networks and effective resistance…

Recent studies showed the finite-size security of binary-modulation CV-QKD protocols against general attacks. However, they gave poor key-rate scaling against transmission distance. Here, we extend the security proof based on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-30 Takaya Matsuura , Shinichiro Yamano , Yui Kuramochi , Toshihiko Sasaki , Masato Koashi

An integrated error-correction scheme with high throughput, low frame errors rate (FER) and high reconciliation efficiency under low signal to noise ratio (SNR) is one of the major bottlenecks to realize high-performance and low-cost…

Quantum key distribution using weak coherent states and homodyne detection is a promising candidate for practical quantum-cryptographic implementations due to its compatibility with existing telecom equipment and high detection…

Quantum key distribution (QKD), providing a way to generate secret keys with information-theoretic security,is arguably one of the most significant achievements in quantum information. The continuous-variable QKD (CV-QKD) offers the…

Since the invention of the laser in the 60s, one of the most fundamental communication channels has been the free-space optical channel. For this type of channel, a number of effects generally need to be considered, including diffraction,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-11 Masoud Ghalaii , Stefano Pirandola

The Gaussian modulated continuous variable quantum key distribution (GM-CVQKD) protocol is known to maximise the mutual information between two parties during quantum key distribution (QKD). An alternative modulation scheme is the discrete…

In continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD), the performance of the information reconciliation (IR) step is critical for the achievable secret key rate (SKR) and transmission distance. We show how to improve on the recently…

Reconciliation is a crucial procedure in post-processing of continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) system, which is used to make two distant legitimate parties share identical corrected keys. The adaptive reconciliation is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-30 Xuan Wen , Qiong Li , Haokun Mao , Yi Luo , Bingze Yan

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a cryptographic solution that leverages the properties of quantum mechanics to be resistant and secure even against an attacker with unlimited computational power. Satellite-based links are important in QKD…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-10 Thomas Scarinzi , Davide Orsucci , Marco Ferrari , Luca Barletta

Continuous-variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD) employs the quadratures of a bosonic mode to establish a secret key between two remote parties, and this is usually achieved via a Gaussian modulation of coherent states. The resulting…