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Phishing attacks are the most common type of cyber-attacks used to obtain sensitive information and have been affecting individuals as well as organisations across the globe. Various techniques have been proposed to identify the phishing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Sohail Ahmed Khan , Wasiq Khan , Abir Hussain

Phishing email detection faces significant challenges due to evolving adversarial tactics and heterogeneous attack patterns. Traditional approaches, such as rule-based filters and denylists, often struggle to keep pace, leading to missed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yinuo Xue , Eric Spero , Meng Wai Woo , Wei Gao , Giovanni Russello

These days, cyber-criminals target humans rather than machines since they try to accomplish their malicious intentions by exploiting the weaknesses of end users. Thus, human vulnerabilities pose a serious threat to the security and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Dimitra Papatsaroucha , Yannis Nikoloudakis , Ioannis Kefaloukos , Evangelos Pallis , Evangelos K. Markakis

Man-at-the-end (MATE) attackers have full control over the system on which the attacked software runs, and try to break the confidentiality or integrity of assets embedded in the software. Both companies and malware authors want to prevent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Bjorn De Sutter , Sebastian Schrittwieser , Bart Coppens , Patrick Kochberger

Email tracking allows email senders to collect fine-grained behavior and location data on email recipients, who are uniquely identifiable via their email address. Such tracking invades user privacy in that email tracking techniques gather…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-06-12 Johannes Haupt , Benedict Bender , Benjamin Fabian , Stefan Lessmann

We demonstrate how publicly available social-media data and generative AI (GenAI) can be misused to automate and scale highly personalized, context-aware spear-phishing campaigns. With minimal attacker effort, a small amount of public…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Elham Pourabbas Vafa , Sayak Saha Roy , Shirin Nilizadeh

With the rising number of cyberattacks, such as ransomware attacks and cyber espionage, educating non-cybersecurity professionals to recognize threats has become more important than ever before. However, traditional training methods, such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-08 Christopher Scherb , Luc Bryan Heitz , Frank Grimberg , Hermann Grieder , Marcel Maurer

Cybercrime is a significant challenge to society, but it can be particularly harmful to the individuals who become victims. This chapter engages in a comprehensive and topical analysis of the cybercrimes that target individuals. It also…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-11-19 Jason R. C. Nurse

System prompt configuration can make the difference between near-total phishing blindness and near-perfect detection in LLM email agents. We present PhishNChips, a study of 11 models under 10 prompt strategies, showing that prompt-model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Ron Litvak

In modernity, we continually receive increasingly intricate technologies that allow us to increase our lives convenience and efficiency. Our technology, particularly technology available over the internet, is advancing at unprecedented…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Sean Loesch , Ryan Hrastich , Jordan Herbert , Ben Drangstveit , Jacob Weber , Mounika Vanamala

Phishing email is a serious cyber threat that tries to deceive users by sending false emails with the intention of stealing confidential information or causing financial harm. Attackers, often posing as trustworthy entities, exploit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Mohammad Amaz Uddin , Md Mahiuddin , Iqbal H. Sarker

In the pursuit of an effective spam detection system, the focus has often been on identifying known spam patterns either through rule-based detection systems or machine learning (ML) solutions that rely on keywords. However, both systems…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Sachin Shukla , Omid Mirzaei

Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in the domain of large language models (LLMs), has resulted in powerful and versatile dual-use systems. This intelligence can be put towards a wide variety of beneficial tasks,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Julian Hazell

URLs are central to a myriad of cyber-security threats, from phishing to the distribution of malware. Their inherent ease of use and familiarity is continuously abused by attackers to evade defences and deceive end-users. Seemingly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Mahathir Almashor , Ejaz Ahmed , Benjamin Pick , Sharif Abuadbba , Raj Gaire , Seyit Camtepe , Surya Nepal

Email services use spam filtering algorithms (SFAs) to filter emails that are unwanted by the user. However, at times, the emails perceived by an SFA as unwanted may be important to the user. Such incorrect decisions can have significant…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Hassan Iqbal , Usman Mahmood Khan , Hassan Ali Khan , Muhammad Shahzad

We present an approach to email filtering based on the suffix tree data structure. A method for the scoring of emails using the suffix tree is developed and a number of scoring and score normalisation functions are tested. Our results show…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Rajesh M. Pampapathi , Boris Mirkin , Mark Levene

Spear Phishing is a harmful cyber-attack facing business and individuals worldwide. Considerable research has been conducted recently into the use of Machine Learning (ML) techniques to detect spear-phishing emails. ML-based solutions may…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-04 Keelan Evans , Alsharif Abuadbba , Tingmin Wu , Kristen Moore , Mohiuddin Ahmed , Ganna Pogrebna , Surya Nepal , Mike Johnstone

The proliferation of the Internet and mobile devices has resulted in malicious bots access to genuine resources and data. Bots may instigate phishing, unauthorized access, denial-of-service, and spoofing attacks to mention a few.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-21 N. Tariq , F. A. Khan , S. A. Moqurrab , G. Srivastava

Corporate mail services are designed to perform better than public mail services. Fast mail delivery, large size file transfer as an attachments, high level spam and virus protection, commercial advertisement free environment are some of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2010-12-06 Dhinaharan Nagamalai , Cynthia Dhinakaran , Jae-Kwang Lee

Advanced machine learning and natural language techniques enable attackers to launch sophisticated and targeted social engineering-based attacks. To counter the active attacker issue, researchers have since resorted to proactive methods of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-16 Avisha Das , Rakesh M. Verma