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Related papers: Memorization in In-Context Learning

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In-context learning (ICL) of large language models has proven to be a surprisingly effective method of learning a new task from only a few demonstrative examples. In this paper, we study the efficacy of ICL from the viewpoint of statistical…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-03 Juno Kim , Tai Nakamaki , Taiji Suzuki

In-context learning (ICL) has demonstrated remarkable success in large language models (LLMs) due to its adaptability and parameter-free nature. However, it also introduces a critical vulnerability to backdoor attacks, where adversaries can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Zhiyao Ren , Siyuan Liang , Aishan Liu , Dacheng Tao

We investigate training strategies that co-develop in-context learning (ICL) and in-weights learning (IWL), and the ability to switch between them based on context relevance. Although current LLMs exhibit both modes, standard task-specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Deeptanshu Malu , Deevyanshu Malu , Aditya Nemiwal , Sunita Sarawagi

The rapid growth of Large Language Models (LLMs) usage has highlighted the importance of gradient-free in-context learning (ICL). However, interpreting their inner workings remains challenging. This paper introduces a novel multimodal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Yosuke Miyanishi , Minh Le Nguyen

In-context learning (ICL) is critical for large language models (LLMs), but its effectiveness is constrained by finite context windows, particularly in ultra-long contexts. To overcome this, we introduce InfiniteICL, a framework that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Bowen Cao , Deng Cai , Wai Lam

Modern large language model (LLM) applications increasingly rely on long conditioning prefixes to control model behavior at inference time. While prefix-augmented inference is effective, it incurs two structural limitations: i) the prefix's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yasuyuki Okoshi , Hao Mark Chen , Guanxi Lu , Hongxiang Fan , Masato Motomura , Daichi Fujiki

Instruction tuning effectively optimizes Large Language Models (LLMs) for downstream tasks. Due to the changing environment in real-life applications, LLMs necessitate continual task-specific adaptation without catastrophic forgetting.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Yifan Wang , Yafei Liu , Chufan Shi , Haoling Li , Chen Chen , Haonan Lu , Yujiu Yang

In-context learning (ICL) is an important yet not fully understood ability of pre-trained large language models (LLMs). It can greatly enhance task performance using a few examples, termed demonstrations, without fine-tuning. Although…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Do Xuan Long , Duong Ngoc Yen , Do Xuan Trong , Luu Anh Tuan , Kenji Kawaguchi , Shafiq Joty , Min-Yen Kan , Nancy F. Chen

Large language models can solve new tasks without task-specific fine-tuning. This ability, also known as in-context learning (ICL), is considered an emergent ability and is primarily seen in large language models with billions of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Sherin Muckatira , Vijeta Deshpande , Vladislav Lialin , Anna Rumshisky

Collecting and annotating task-oriented dialogues is time-consuming and costly; thus, zero and few shot learning could greatly benefit dialogue state tracking (DST). In this work, we propose an in-context learning (ICL) framework for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Yushi Hu , Chia-Hsuan Lee , Tianbao Xie , Tao Yu , Noah A. Smith , Mari Ostendorf

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a wide range of tasks, yet they also exhibit memorization of their training data. This phenomenon raises critical questions about model behavior, privacy risks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Alexander Xiong , Xuandong Zhao , Aneesh Pappu , Dawn Song

In-Context Learning (ICL) allows Large Language Models (LLMs) to adapt to new tasks with just a few examples, but their predictions often suffer from systematic biases, leading to unstable performance in classification. While calibration…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-05 Korel Gundem , Juncheng Dong , Dennis Zhang , Vahid Tarokh , Zhengling Qi

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have introduced Reasoning Large Language Models (RLLMs), which employ extended thinking processes with reflection and self-correction capabilities, demonstrating the effectiveness of test-time…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Yuyao Ge , Shenghua Liu , Yiwei Wang , Lingrui Mei , Lizhe Chen , Baolong Bi , Xueqi Cheng

In-context learning (ICL, also known as few-shot prompting) has been the standard method of adapting LLMs to downstream tasks, by learning from a few input-output examples. Nonetheless, all ICL-based approaches only learn from correct…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Tianjun Zhang , Aman Madaan , Luyu Gao , Steven Zheng , Swaroop Mishra , Yiming Yang , Niket Tandon , Uri Alon

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) still covers only a small fraction of the world's languages, mainly due to supervised data scarcity. In-context learning (ICL) with large language models (LLMs) addresses this problem, but prior work…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zhaolin Li , Jan Niehues

Concerned with privacy threats, memorization in LLMs is often seen as undesirable, specifically for learning. In this paper, we study whether memorization can be avoided when optimally learning a language, and whether the privacy threat…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Bishwamittra Ghosh , Soumi Das , Qinyuan Wu , Mohammad Aflah Khan , Krishna P. Gummadi , Evimaria Terzi , Deepak Garg

Large Language Models (LLMs) with in-context learning (ICL) ability can quickly adapt to a specific context given a few demonstrations (demos). Recently, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) built upon LLMs have also shown multimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Shuo Chen , Zhen Han , Bailan He , Jianzhe Liu , Mark Buckley , Yao Qin , Philip Torr , Volker Tresp , Jindong Gu

Building machine translation (MT) systems for low-resource languages is notably difficult due to the scarcity of high-quality data. Although Large Language Models (LLMs) have improved MT system performance, adapting them to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Luis Frentzen Salim , Esteban Carlin , Alexandre Morinvil , Xi Ai , Lun-Wei Ku

In-context Learning (ICL) utilizes structured demonstration-query inputs to induce few-shot learning on Language Models (LMs), which are not originally pre-trained on ICL-style data. To bridge the gap between ICL and pre-training, some…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Hakaze Cho , Peng Luo , Mariko Kato , Rin Kaenbyou , Naoya Inoue

Utilizing Large Language Models (LLMs) as evaluators to assess the performance of LLMs has garnered attention. However, this kind of evaluation approach is affected by potential biases within LLMs, raising concerns about the accuracy and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Mingyang Song , Mao Zheng , Xuan Luo , Yue Pan
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