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The identification of a deterministic finite automaton (DFA) from labeled examples is a well-studied problem in the literature; however, prior work focuses on the identification of monolithic DFAs. Although monolithic DFAs provide accurate…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-05-27 Niklas Lauffer , Beyazit Yalcinkaya , Marcell Vazquez-Chanlatte , Ameesh Shah , Sanjit A. Seshia

Automata learning is a successful tool for many application domains such as robotics and automatic verification. Typically, automata learning techniques operate in a supervised learning setting (active or passive) where they learn a finite…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Simon Lutz , Daniil Kaminskyi , Florian Wittbold , Simon Dierl , Falk Howar , Barbara König , Emmanuel Müller , Daniel Neider

We present an algorithm for extraction of a probabilistic deterministic finite automaton (PDFA) from a given black-box language model, such as a recurrent neural network (RNN). The algorithm is a variant of the exact-learning algorithm L*,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Gail Weiss , Yoav Goldberg , Eran Yahav

The identification of deterministic finite automata (DFAs) from labeled examples is a cornerstone of automata learning, yet traditional methods focus on learning monolithic DFAs, which often yield a large DFA lacking simplicity and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Junjie Meng , Jie An , Yong Li , Andrea Turrini , Fanjiang Xu , Naijun Zhan , Miaomiao Zhang

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) have achieved tremendous success in processing sequential data, yet understanding and analyzing their behaviours remains a significant challenge. To this end, many efforts have been made to extract finite…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Zeming Wei , Xiyue Zhang , Yihao Zhang , Meng Sun

Integrating logical knowledge into deep neural network training is still a hard challenge, especially for sequential or temporally extended domains involving subsymbolic observations. To address this problem, we propose DeepDFA, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Elena Umili , Francesco Argenziano , Roberto Capobianco

Reinforcement Learning (RL) in environments with complex, history-dependent reward structures poses significant challenges for traditional methods. In this work, we introduce a novel approach that leverages automaton-based feedback to guide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Mahyar Alinejad , Alvaro Velasquez , Yue Wang , George Atia

We present a new algorithm IDS for incremental learning of deterministic finite automata (DFA). This algorithm is based on the concept of distinguishing sequences introduced in (Angluin81). We give a rigorous proof that two versions of this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-06-14 Muddassar A. Sindhu , Karl Meinke

Traditional approaches to inference of deterministic finite-state automata (DFA) stem from symbolic AI, including both active learning methods (e.g., Angluin's L* algorithm and its variants) and passive techniques (e.g., Biermann and…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Elaheh Hosseinkhani , Martin Leucker

The problem of learning pairwise disjoint deterministic finite automata (DFA) from positive examples has been recently addressed. In this paper, we address the problem of identifying a set of DFAs from labeled strings and come up with two…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2018-06-13 Alexis Linard

Understanding recurrent networks through rule extraction has a long history. This has taken on new interests due to the need for interpreting or verifying neural networks. One basic form for representing stateful rules is deterministic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-16 Qinglong Wang , Kaixuan Zhang , Alexander G. Ororbia , Xinyu Xing , Xue Liu , C. Lee Giles

We investigate the internal representations that a recurrent neural network (RNN) uses while learning to recognize a regular formal language. Specifically, we train a RNN on positive and negative examples from a regular language, and ask if…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-28 Joshua J. Michalenko , Ameesh Shah , Abhinav Verma , Richard G. Baraniuk , Swarat Chaudhuri , Ankit B. Patel

Specifying tasks for robotic systems traditionally requires coding expertise, deep domain knowledge, and significant time investment. While learning from demonstration offers a promising alternative, existing methods often struggle with…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Mattijs Baert , Sam Leroux , Pieter Simoens

Weighted finite automata (WFA) can expressively model functions defined over strings but are inherently linear models. Given the recent successes of nonlinear models in machine learning, it is natural to wonder whether ex-tending WFA to the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-12-22 Tianyu Li , Guillaume Rabusseau , Doina Precup

We propose a query learning algorithm for residual symbolic finite automata (RSFAs). Symbolic finite automata (SFAs) are finite automata whose transitions are labeled by predicates over a Boolean algebra, in which a big collection of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-09-18 Kaizaburo Chubachi , Diptarama Hendrian , Ryo Yoshinaka , Ayumi Shinohara

Speculative data-parallel algorithms for language recognition have been widely experimented for various types of finite-state automata (FA), deterministic (DFA) and nondeterministic (NFA), often derived from regular expressions (RE). Such…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Angelo Borsotti , Luca Breveglieri , Stefano Crespi Reghizzi , Angelo Morzenti

Non-deterministic Finite Automata (NFA) represent regular languages concisely, increasing their appeal for applications such as word recognition. This paper proposes a new approach to generate NFA from an interaction language such as UML…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-08-04 Erwan Mahe , Boutheina Bannour , Christophe Gaston , Arnault Lapitre , Pascale Le Gall

We revisit the popular \emph{delayed deterministic finite automaton} (\ddfa{}) compression algorithm introduced by Kumar~et~al.~[SIGCOMM 2006] for compressing deterministic finite automata (DFAs) used in intrusion detection systems. This…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Philip Bille , Inge Li Gørtz , Max Rishøj Pedersen

In this paper, we present a proof of the NP-completeness of computing the smallest Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA) that distinguishes two given regular languages as DFAs. A distinguishing DFA is an automaton that recognizes a language…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Jan Martens

A classical problem in grammatical inference is to identify a deterministic finite automaton (DFA) from a set of positive and negative examples. In this paper, we address the related - yet seemingly novel - problem of identifying a set of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-07 Alexis Linard , Rick Smetsers , Frits Vaandrager , Umar Waqas , Joost van Pinxten , Sicco Verwer
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