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Related papers: TAMER: Tree-Aware Transformer for Handwritten Math…

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When trained on language data, do transformers learn some arbitrary computation that utilizes the full capacity of the architecture or do they learn a simpler, tree-like computation, hypothesized to underlie compositional meaning systems…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Shikhar Murty , Pratyusha Sharma , Jacob Andreas , Christopher D. Manning

Automatically assessing handwritten mathematical solutions is an important problem in educational technology with practical applications, but it remains a significant challenge due to the diverse formats, unstructured layouts, and symbolic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Thu Phuong Nguyen , Duc M. Nguyen , Hyotaek Jeon , Hyunwook Lee , Hyunmin Song , Sungahn Ko , Taehwan Kim

Recognition of Handwritten Mathematical Expressions (HMEs) is a challenging problem because of the ambiguity and complexity of two-dimensional handwriting. Moreover, the lack of large training data is a serious issue, especially for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Anh Duc Le , Bipin Indurkhya , Masaki Nakagawa

We propose Token Turing Machines (TTM), a sequential, autoregressive Transformer model with memory for real-world sequential visual understanding. Our model is inspired by the seminal Neural Turing Machine, and has an external memory…

Building models that take advantage of the hierarchical structure of language without a priori annotation is a longstanding goal in natural language processing. We introduce such a model for the task of machine translation, pairing a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-07 James Bradbury , Richard Socher

The Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities aims to digitize its Medieval Latin Dictionary. This dictionary entails record cards referring to lemmas in medieval Latin, a low-resource language. A crucial step of the digitization process…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Philipp Koch , Gilary Vera Nuñez , Esteban Garces Arias , Christian Heumann , Matthias Schöffel , Alexander Häberlin , Matthias Aßenmacher

Most neural machine translation (NMT) models are based on the sequential encoder-decoder framework, which makes no use of syntactic information. In this paper, we improve this model by explicitly incorporating source-side syntactic trees.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-19 Huadong Chen , Shujian Huang , David Chiang , Jiajun Chen

Learning vector representations for programs is a critical step in applying deep learning techniques for program understanding tasks. Various neural network models are proposed to learn from tree-structured program representations, e.g.,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Wenhan Wang , Kechi Zhang , Ge Li , Shangqing Liu , Anran Li , Zhi Jin , Yang Liu

Temporal expressions in text play a significant role in language understanding and correctly identifying them is fundamental to various retrieval and natural language processing systems. Previous works have slowly shifted from rule-based to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Satya Almasian , Dennis Aumiller , Michael Gertz

We study the text generation task under the approach of pre-trained language models (PLMs). Typically, an auto-regressive (AR) method is adopted for generating texts in a token-by-token manner. Despite many advantages of AR generation, it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Junyi Li , Tianyi Tang , Wayne Xin Zhao , Jian-Yun Nie , Ji-Rong Wen

In this paper, we propose a novel stroke constrained attention network (SCAN) which treats stroke as the basic unit for encoder-decoder based online handwritten mathematical expression recognition (HMER). Unlike previous methods which use…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-02-21 Jiaming Wang , Jun Du , Jianshu Zhang

The Transformer has quickly become the dominant architecture for various pattern recognition tasks due to its capacity for long-range representation. However, transformers are data-hungry models and need large datasets for training. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Marwa Dhiaf , Ahmed Cheikh Rouhou , Yousri Kessentini , Sinda Ben Salem

Transformer-based models have demonstrated significant success in various source code representation tasks. Nonetheless, traditional positional embeddings employed by these models inadequately capture the hierarchical structure intrinsic to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Patryk Bartkowiak , Filip Graliński

Handwritten mathematical expression recognition aims to automatically generate LaTeX sequences from given images. Currently, attention-based encoder-decoder models are widely used in this task. They typically generate target sequences in a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-02-24 Xiaohang Bian , Bo Qin , Xiaozhe Xin , Jianwu Li , Xuefeng Su , Yanfeng Wang

The central challenge in robotic manipulation of deformable objects lies in aligning high-level semantic instructions with physical interaction points under complex appearance and texture variations. Due to near-infinite degrees of freedom,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Wanjun Jia , Kang Li , Fan Yang , Mengfei Duan , Wenrui Chen , Yiming Jiang , Hui Zhang , Kailun Yang , Zhiyong Li , Yaonan Wang

Recent studies on AMR-to-text generation often formalize the task as a sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) learning problem by converting an Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) graph into a word sequence. Graph structures are further modeled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Jie Zhu , Junhui Li , Muhua Zhu , Longhua Qian , Min Zhang , Guodong Zhou

We present a parser for Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR). We treat English-to-AMR conversion within the framework of string-to-tree, syntax-based machine translation (SBMT). To make this work, we transform the AMR structure into a form…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-04-29 Michael Pust , Ulf Hermjakob , Kevin Knight , Daniel Marcu , Jonathan May

The Transformer architecture is shown to provide a powerful machine transduction framework for online handwritten gestures corresponding to glyph strokes of natural language sentences. The attention mechanism is successfully used to create…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-08 G. C. M. Silvestre , F. Balado , O. Akinremi , M. Ramo

Transforming mathematical expressions into LaTeX poses a significant challenge. In this paper, we examine the application of advanced transformer-based architectures to address the task of converting handwritten or digital mathematical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Jayaprakash Sundararaj , Akhil Vyas , Benjamin Gonzalez-Maldonado

Source code can be parsed into the abstract syntax tree (AST) based on defined syntax rules. However, in pre-training, little work has considered the incorporation of tree structure into the learning process. In this paper, we present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Xue Jiang , Zhuoran Zheng , Chen Lyu , Liang Li , Lei Lyu