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In recent years, Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) mega-constellations have emerged as a promising network technology and have ushered in a new era for democratizing Internet access. The Starlink network from SpaceX stands out as the only…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Nitinder Mohan , Andrew Ferguson , Hendrik Cech , Prakita Rayyan Renatin , Rohan Bose , Mahesh Marina , Jörg Ott

In satellite constellation-based communication systems, continuous user coverage requires frequent handoffs due to the dynamic topology induced by the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. Each handoff between a satellite and ground users…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Yassine Afif , Mohammed Almekhlafi , Antoine Lesage-Landry , Gunes Karabulut Kurt

Mega low earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellation is promising in achieving global coverage with high capacity. However, forwarding packets in mega constellation faces long end-to-end delay caused by multi-hop routing and high-complexity…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Xin'ao Feng , Yaohua Sun , Mugen Peng

End-to-end routing in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations (LSatCs) is a complex and dynamic problem. The topology, of finite size, is dynamic and predictable, the traffic from/to Earth and transiting the space segment is highly…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Beatriz Soret , Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Federico Lozano-Cuadra , Mathias D. Thorsager

In recent years, the number of satellites in orbit has increased rapidly, with megaconstellations like Starlink providing near-global, delay-sensitive communication services. However, not all satellite communication use cases have stringent…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Ethan Fettes , Pablo G. Madoery , Halim Yanikomeroglu , Gunes Karabulut Kurt , Abhishek Naik , Stéphane Martel

The design and launch of large-scale satellite networks create an imminent demand for efficient and delay-minimising routing methods. With the rising number of satellites in such constellations, pre-computing all shortest routes between all…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-03-23 Gregory Stock , Juan A. Fraire , Holger Hermanns

The performance of large-scale Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) networks, which consist of thousands of satellites interconnected by optical links, is dependent on its network topology. Existing topology designs often assume idealized conditions and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Muaz Ali , Beichuan Zhang

Mega-constellations in Low Earth Orbit have the potential to revolutionise worldwide internet access. The concomitant potential of these mega-constellations to impact space sustainability, however, has prompted concern from space actors as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-12 Calum Spring-Turner , Raj Thilak Rajan

Low-Earth orbit (LEO) mega-constellations are emerging as high-capacity backbones for next-generation Internet. Deployment of laser terminals enables high-bandwidth, low-latency inter-satellite links (ISLs); however, their limited number,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Shayan Hamidi Dehshali , Tzu-Hsuan Liao , Shaileshh Bojja Venkatakrishnan

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks are emerging as an essential communication infrastructure, with standardized 5G-based non-terrestrial networks and their integration with terrestrial systems envisioned as a key feature of 6G.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Andreas Casparsen , Jonas Ellegaard Jakobsen , Jimmy Jessen Nielsen , Petar Popovski , Israel Leyva Mayorga

The rapid advancement of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication systems has significantly enhanced global connectivity, offering high-capacity, low-latency services crucial for next-generation applications. However, the dense…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Qianqian Zhang , Ye Hu , Minchae Jung

The integration of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations into 5G and Beyond is essential to achieve efficient global connectivity. As LEO satellites are a global infrastructure with predictable dynamics, a pre-planned fair and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-11-14 Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Vineet Gala , Federico Chiariotti , Petar Popovski

Large low earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks such as SpaceX's Starlink constellation promise to deliver low-latency, high-bandwidth Internet access with global coverage. As an alternative to terrestrial fiber as a global Internet…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Tobias Pfandzelter , David Bermbach

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations are evolving from communication relays into autonomous platforms operating in increasingly congested and contested environments. Since uplinks to ground stations can be severed or jammed,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Tianyi Sun , Shuo Liu , Minghui Xu , Xiuzhen Cheng

Delivering broadband connectivity to unconnected areas is extremely challenging. The emergence of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite systems has been seen as a potential solution for connecting remote areas. Despite the hype around these new…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-25 Osoro B. Ogutu , Edward J. Oughton

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations have become a critical enabler for global coverage, utilizing numerous satellites orbiting Earth at high speeds. By decomposing complex network services into lightweight service functions,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Li Zeng , Zixin Wang , Yuanming Shi , Khaled B. Letaief

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks are rapidly gaining traction today. Although several real-world deployments exist, our preliminary analysis of LEO topology performance with the soon-to-be operational Inter-Satellite Links (ISLs)…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Wenyi Zhang , Zihan Xu , Sangeetha Abdu Jyothi

Low Earth orbit (LEO) mega-constellation satellite networks have shown great potential to extend the coverage capability of conventional terrestrial networks. How to systematically define, quantify, and assess the technical performance of…

Performance · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Yu Wang , Chuili Kong , Xian Meng , Hejia Luo , Ke-Xin Li , Jun Wang

The rapid deployment of low earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations has drawn attention to the potential of nonterrestrial networks (NTN) in providing global communication services. Telecom operators are attempting to collaborate with…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Shaojie Su , Jiasheng Wu , Zijie Ying , Zhiyuan Zhao , Xiangyu Jia , Wenjun Zhu , Yue Gao

Low earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellation-enabled communication networks are expected to be an important part of many Internet of Things (IoT) deployments due to their unique advantage of providing seamless global coverage. In this…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Keke Ying , Zhen Gao , Sheng Chen , Mingyu Zhou , Dezhi Zheng , Symeon Chatzinotas , Björn Ottersten , H. Vincent Poor