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We study identification and estimation in the Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) with a multivalued treatment variable. We also allow for the inclusion of covariates. We show that without additional information, treatment effects are not…

Econometrics · Economics 2020-07-02 Carolina Caetano , Gregorio Caetano , Juan Carlos Escanciano

Boundary Discontinuity (BD) designs are used in empirical research to learn about causal treatment effects along a continuous assignment boundary defined by a bivariate score. These designs are also known as multi-score regression…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-29 Matias D. Cattaneo , Rocio Titiunik , Ruiqi Rae Yu

Canonical RD designs yield credible local estimates of the treatment effect at the cutoff under mild continuity assumptions, but they fail to identify treatment effects away from the cutoff without additional assumptions. The fundamental…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-12-01 Yiwei Sun

The Regression Discontinuity (RD) design is a widely used non-experimental method for causal inference and program evaluation. While its canonical formulation only requires a score and an outcome variable, it is common in empirical work to…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-08-25 Matias D. Cattaneo , Luke Keele , Rocio Titiunik

We investigate how to learn treatment effects away from the cutoff in multiple-cutoff regression discontinuity designs. Using a microeconomic model, we demonstrate that the parallel-trend type assumption proposed in the literature is…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-09-03 Yuta Okamoto , Yuuki Ozaki

Regression discontinuity (RD) is a widely used quasi-experimental design for causal inference. In the standard RD, the assignment to treatment is determined by a continuous pretreatment variable (i.e., running variable) falling above or…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-06-23 Fan Li , Andrea Mercatanti , Taneli Makinen , Andrea Silvestrini

The boundary discontinuity (BD) design is a non-experimental method for identifying causal effects that exploits a thresholding rule based on a bivariate score and a boundary curve. This widely used method generalizes the univariate…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-02-16 Matias D. Cattaneo , Rocio Titiunik , Ruiqi Rae Yu

We study the econometric properties of so-called donut regression discontinuity (RD) designs, a robustness exercise which involves repeating estimation and inference without the data points in some area around the treatment threshold. This…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-08-29 Cladia Noack , Chistoph Rothe

This article introduces Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) with Distribution-Valued Outcomes (R3D), extending the standard RDD framework to settings where the outcome is a distribution rather than a scalar. Such settings arise when…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-04-08 David Van Dijcke

In Regression Discontinuity (RD) design, self-selection leads to different distributions of covariates on two sides of the policy intervention, which essentially violates the continuity of potential outcome assumption. The standard RD…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-11-22 Sida Peng , Yang Ning

This note introduces a doubly robust (DR) estimator for regression discontinuity (RD) designs. RD designs provide a quasi-experimental framework for estimating treatment effects, where treatment assignment depends on whether a running…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-01-28 Masahiro Kato

We extend the continuity-based framework to Regression Discontinuity Designs (RDDs) to identify and estimate causal effects under interference when units are connected through a network. Assignment to an "effective treatment," combining the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-20 Elena Dal Torrione , Tiziano Arduini , Laura Forastiere

We develop a framework for identifying and estimating persuasion effects in regression discontinuity (RD) designs. The RD persuasion rate measures the probability that individuals at the threshold would take the action if exposed to a…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-10-01 Sung Jae Jun , Sokbae Lee

Empirical studies using Regression Discontinuity (RD) designs often explore heterogeneous treatment effects based on pretreatment covariates, even though no formal statistical methods exist for such analyses. This has led to the widespread…

Conventionally, regression discontinuity analysis contrasts a univariate regression's limits as its independent variable, $R$, approaches a cut-point, $c$, from either side. Alternative methods target the average treatment effect in a small…

Applications · Statistics 2021-06-21 Adam C. Sales , Ben B. Hansen

Regression discontinuity (RD) designs are often interpreted as local randomized experiments: a RD design can be considered as a randomized experiment for units with a realized value of a so-called forcing variable falling around a pre-fixed…

Applications · Statistics 2015-07-16 Fan Li , Alessandra Mattei , Fabrizia Mealli

Discontinuities can be fairly arbitrary but also cause a significant impact on outcomes in larger systems. Indeed, their arbitrariness is why they have been used to infer causal relationships among variables in numerous settings. Regression…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Ibtihal Ferwana , Suyoung Park , Ting-Yi Wu , Lav R. Varshney

The regression discontinuity (RD) design offers identification of causal effects under weak assumptions, earning it a position as a standard method in modern political science research. But identification does not necessarily imply that…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-14 Drew Stommes , P. M. Aronow , Fredrik Sävje

In this Element and its accompanying Element, Matias D. Cattaneo, Nicolas Idrobo, and Rocio Titiunik provide an accessible and practical guide for the analysis and interpretation of Regression Discontinuity (RD) designs that encourages the…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-11-22 Matias D. Cattaneo , Nicolas Idrobo , Rocio Titiunik

This monograph, together with its accompanying first part Cattaneo, Idrobo and Titiunik (2020), collects and expands the instructional materials we prepared for more than $50$ short courses and workshops on Regression Discontinuity (RD)…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-27 Matias D. Cattaneo , Nicolas Idrobo , Rocio Titiunik