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An abelian square is the concatenation of two words that are anagrams of one another. A word of length $n$ can contain $\Theta(n^2)$ distinct factors that are abelian squares. We study infinite words such that the number of abelian square…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-06-12 Gabriele Fici , Filippo Mignosi

Let $\Sigma$ and $\Pi$ be disjoint alphabets of respective size $\sigma$ and $\pi$. Two strings over $\Sigma \cup \Pi$ of equal length are said to parameterized match (p-match) if there is a bijection $f:\Sigma \cup \Pi \rightarrow \Sigma…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-03-18 Noriki Fujisato , Yuto Nakashima , Shunsuke Inenaga , Hideo Bannai , Masayuki Takeda

A square is the concatenation of a nonempty word with itself. A word has period p if its letters at distance p match. The exponent of a nonempty word is the quotient of its length over its smallest period. In this article we give a proof of…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2012-07-25 Golnaz Badkobeh , Maxime Crochemore

A fundamental concept related to strings is that of repetitions. It has been extensively studied in many versions, from both purely combinatorial and algorithmic angles. One of the most basic questions is how many distinct squares, i.e.,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Panagiotis Charalampopoulos , Paweł Gawrychowski , Samah Ghazawi

We show that the number of distinct squares in a packed string of length $n$ over an alphabet of size $\sigma$ can be computed in $O(n/\log_\sigma n)$ time in the word-RAM model. This paper is the first to introduce a sublinear-time…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Panagiotis Charalampopoulos , Manal Mohamed , Jakub Radoszewski , Wojciech Rytter , Tomasz Waleń , Wiktor Zuba

A power is a word of the form $\underbrace{uu...u}_{k \; \text{times}}$, where $u$ is a word and $k$ is a positive integer and a square is a word of the form $uu$. Fraenkel and Simpson conjectured in 1998 that the number of distinct squares…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-09-16 Shuo Li

In this paper we initiate the study of computing a maximal (not necessarily maximum) repeating pattern in a single input string, where the corresponding problems have been studied (e.g., a maximal common subsequence) only in two or more…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Mingyang Gong , Adiesha Liyanage , Braeden Sopp , Binhai Zhu

Fici and Saarela ([2]) conjectured that a binary word of length n contains at least $\lfloor n/4 \rfloor$ abelian squares. We slightly extend this conjecture and show that it holds in some special cases. In all other cases we have the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-04-28 Szilard Zsolt Fazekas , Adam Mammoliti , Robert Mercas , Jamie Simpson

The parameterized matching problem is a variant of string matching, which is to search for all parameterized occurrences of a pattern $P$ in a text $T$. In considering matching algorithms, the combinatorial natures of strings, especially…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Haruki Ideguchi , Diptarama Hendrian , Ryo Yoshinaka , Ayumi Shinohara

A \emph{square} is a word of the form $uu$, where $u$ is a nonempty finite word. Given a finite word $w$ of length $n$, let $[w]$ denote the corresponding \emph{circular word}, i.e., the set of all cyclic rotations of $w$. We study the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-13 Shuo Li , Yuan Song

A square is a factor $S = (S_1; S_2)$ where $S_1$ and $S_2$ have the same pattern, and a permutation is said to be square-free if it contains no non-trivial squares. The permutation is further said to be bicrucial if every extension to the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-01-31 Carla Groenland , Tom Johnston

An abelian square is a string of length 2n where the last n symbols form a permutation of the first n symbols. In this note we count the number of abelian squares and give an asymptotic estimate of this quantity.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-08-01 L. B. Richmond , J. Shallit

Two finite words $u,v$ are 2-binomially equivalent if, for all words $x$ of length at most 2, the number of occurrences of $x$ as a (scattered) subword of $u$ is equal to the number of occurrences of $x$ in $v$. This notion is a refinement…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2013-10-18 M. Rao , M. Rigo , P. Salimov

An \itbf{indeterminate string} (or, more simply, just a \itbf{string}) $\s{x} = \s{x}[1..n]$ on an alphabet $\Sigma$ is a sequence of nonempty subsets of $\Sigma$. We say that $\s{x}[i_1]$ and $\s{x}[i_2]$ \itbf{match} (written $\s{x}[i_1]…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-03-02 Ali Alatabbi , M. Sohel Rahman , W. F. Smyth

In this paper we propose a new, more appropriate definition of regular and indeterminate strings. A regular string is one that is "isomorphic" to a string whose entries all consist of a single letter, but which nevertheless may itself…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-12-16 Felipe A. Louza , Neerja Mhaskar , W. F. Smyth

We are interested in the maximal number of distinct squares in a word. This problem was introduced by Fraenkel and Simpson, who presented a bound of 2n for a word of length n, and conjectured that the bound was less than n. Being that the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-01-10 Adrien Thierry

We examine the open problem of finding the shortest string that contains each of the n! permutations of n symbols as contiguous substrings (i.e., the shortest superpermutation on n symbols). It has been conjectured that the shortest…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-04-23 Nathaniel Johnston

Two strings are considered to have parameterized matching when there exists a bijection of the parameterized alphabet onto itself such that it transforms one string to another. Parameterized matching has application in software duplication…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Apurba Saha , Iftekhar Hakim Kaowsar , Mahdi Hasnat Siyam , M. Sohel Rahman

A square-free word $w$ over a fixed alphabet $\Sigma$ is extremal if every word obtained from $w$ by inserting a single letter from $\Sigma$ (at any position) contains a square. Grytczuk et al. recently introduced the concept of extremal…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-02-03 Lucas Mol , Narad Rampersad

A string is said to be closed if its length is one, or if it has a non-empty factor that occurs both as a prefix and as a suffix of the string, but does not occur elsewhere. The notion of closed words was introduced by [Fici, WORDS 2011].…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Takuya Mieno , Shun Takahashi , Kazuhisa Seto , Takashi Horiyama