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Mean-field reinforcement learning (MF-RL) scales multi-agent RL to large populations by reducing each agent's dependence on others to a single summary statistic -- the mean action. However, this reduction requires every agent to act at…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Shan Yang

This paper establishes the existence of relaxed solutions to mean field games (MFGs for short) with singular controls. We also prove approximations of solutions results for a particular class of MFGs with singular controls by solutions,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-08-04 Guanxing Fu , Ulrich Horst

Traditional solvable game theory and mean-field-type game theory (risk-aware games) predominantly focus on quadratic costs due to their analytical tractability. Nevertheless, they often fail to capture critical non-linearities inherent in…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-09 Julian Barreiro-Gomez , Tyrone E. Duncan , Bozenna Pasik-Duncan , Hamidou Tembine

The mean field games (MFG) theory has broad application in mathematical modeling of social phenomena. The Mean Field Games System (MFGS) is the key to the MFG theory. This is a system of two nonlinear parabolic partial differential…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2024-02-26 Michael V. Klibanov , Jingzhi Li , Hongyu Liu

We study Nash equilibria for a sequence of symmetric $N$-player stochastic games of finite-fuel capacity expansion with singular controls and their mean-field game (MFG) counterpart. We construct a solution of the MFG via a simple iterative…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-01-19 Luciano Campi , Tiziano De Angelis , Maddalena Ghio , Giulia Livieri

The Mean-Field approximation is a tractable approach for studying large population dynamics. However, its assumption on homogeneity and universal connections among all agents limits its applicability in many real-world scenarios.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Peihan Huo , Oscar Peralta , Junyu Guo , Qiaomin Xie , Andreea Minca

Mean field type games (MFTGs) describe Nash equilibria between large coalitions: each coalition consists of a continuum of cooperative agents who maximize the average reward of their coalition while interacting non-cooperatively with a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Kai Shao , Jiacheng Shen , Mathieu Laurière

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) -- where multiple agents learn to interact in a shared dynamic environment -- permeates across a wide range of critical applications. While there has been substantial progress on understanding the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Shicong Cen , Yuejie Chi , Simon S. Du , Lin Xiao

The standard solution concept for stochastic games is Markov perfect equilibrium (MPE); however, its computation becomes intractable as the number of players increases. Instead, we consider mean field equilibrium (MFE) that has been…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2020-06-05 Bar Light , Gabriel Weintraub

Similar to the role of Markov decision processes in reinforcement learning, Stochastic Games (SGs) lay the foundation for the study of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) and sequential agent interactions. In this paper, we derive…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Xiaotie Deng , Ningyuan Li , David Mguni , Jun Wang , Yaodong Yang

Mean field game facilitates analyzing multi-armed bandit (MAB) for a large number of agents by approximating their interactions with an average effect. Existing mean field models for multi-agent MAB mostly assume a binary reward function,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Xiong Wang , Riheng Jia

Motivated by the recent interests in asymmetric mean field games, this paper provides a general framework of Heterogeneous Mean Field Game (HMFG) that subsumes different formulations of graphon mean field games. The key feature of the HMFG…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-26 Bixing Qiao

In this paper, we investigate the interaction of two populations with a large number of indistinguishable agents. The problem consists in two levels: the interaction between agents of a same population, and the interaction between the two…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-10-30 Alain Bensoussan , Tao Huang , Mathieu Laurière

This paper investigates a mean-field game (MFG) problem for mean-variance (MV) portfolio management, highlighting a new type of relative performance encoded by the peer-based risk aversion. Specifically, the risk aversion is formulated as a…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-05-26 Weilun Cheng , Zongxia Liang , Sheng Wang , Xiang Yu

When controlling multi-agent systems, the trade-off between performance and scalability is a major challenge. Here, we address this difficulty by using mean field games (MFGs), which is a framework that deduces the macroscopic dynamics…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-08-06 Daisuke Inoue , Yuji Ito , Takahito Kashiwabara , Norikazu Saito , Hiroaki Yoshida

Actor Critic methods have found immense applications on a wide range of Reinforcement Learning tasks especially when the state-action space is large. In this paper, we consider actor critic and natural actor critic algorithms with function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Prashansa Panda , Shalabh Bhatnagar

For noncooperative games the mean field (MF) methodology provides decentralized strategies which yield Nash equilibria for large population systems in the asymptotic limit of an infinite (mass) population. The MF control laws use only the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2012-10-22 Arman C. Kizilkale , Peter E. Caines

This paper studies the existence and approximation of equilibria for general time-inconsistent mean field game (MFG) problems in continuous time. To handle the intricate nonlocal equilibrium Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (EHJB) system arising…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-29 Erhan Bayraktar , Zhenhua Wang , Xiang Yu , Keyu Zhang

We propose a novel mean field games (MFGs) based GAN(generative adversarial network) framework. To be specific, we utilize the Hopf formula in density space to rewrite MFGs as a primal-dual problem so that we are able to train the model via…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Shaojun Ma , Haomin Zhou , Hongyuan Zha

We analyze a system of partial differential equations that model a potential mean field game of controls, briefly MFGC. Such a game describes the interaction of infinitely many negligible players competing to optimize a personal value…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2020-10-27 Jameson Graber , Alan Mullenix , Laurent Pfeiffer