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Estimation of the expectation value of observables is a key subroutine in quantum computing and is also the bottleneck of the performance of many near-term quantum algorithms. Many works have been proposed to reduce the number of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-05 Zi-Jian Zhang , Kouhei Nakaji , Matthew Choi , Alán Aspuru-Guzik

A polynomial Turing compression (PTC) for a parameterized problem $L$ is a polynomial time Turing machine that has access to an oracle for a problem $L'$ such that a polynomial in the input parameter bounds each query. Meanwhile, a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Weidong Luo

This paper introduces a novel general-purpose algorithm for Pauli decomposition that employs matrix slicing and addition rather than expensive matrix multiplication, significantly accelerating the decomposition of multi-qubit matrices. In a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-25 Lukas Hantzko , Lennart Binkowski , Sabhyata Gupta

The classical shadow estimation protocol is a noise-resilient and sample-efficient quantum algorithm for learning the properties of quantum systems. Its performance depends on the choice of a unitary ensemble, which must be chosen by a user…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-10 Kaifeng Bu , Dax Enshan Koh , Roy J. Garcia , Arthur Jaffe

Quantum noise is a central challenge in quantum computing across many applications. Extensive work has examined how qubits couple to their environment, leading to decoherence and relaxation, which is irreversible. Current studies focus on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-30 Yunos El Kaderi , Andreas Honecker , Iryna Andriyanova

The Measurement Based Quantum Computation (MBQC) model achieves universal quantum computation by employing projective single qubit measurements with classical feedforward on a highly entangled multipartite cluster state. Rapid advances in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-23 Swapnil Nitin Shah

Reducing the number of measurements required to estimate the expectation value of an observable is crucial for the variational quantum eigensolver to become competitive with state-of-the-art classical algorithms. To measure complicated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-09 Seonghoon Choi , Tzu-Ching Yen , Artur F. Izmaylov

Characterization of quantum devices generates insights into their sources of disturbances. State-of-the-art characterization protocols often focus on incoherent noise and eliminate coherent errors when using Pauli or Clifford twirling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-18 Noah Kaufmann , Ivan Rojkov , Florentin Reiter

We introduce "holographic shadows", a new class of randomized measurement schemes for classical shadow tomography that achieves the optimal scaling of sample complexity for learning geometrically local Pauli operators at any length scale,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-30 Shuhan Zhang , Xiaozhou Feng , Matteo Ippoliti , Yi-Zhuang You

We consider the problem of jointly estimating expectation values of many Pauli observables, a crucial subroutine in variational quantum algorithms. Starting with randomized measurements, we propose an efficient derandomization procedure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-21 Hsin-Yuan Huang , Richard Kueng , John Preskill

Quantum error correction is instrumental in protecting quantum systems from noise in quantum computing and communication settings. Pauli channels can be efficiently simulated and threshold values for Pauli error rates under a variety of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-25 Christopher Chamberland , Joel J. Wallman , Stefanie Beale , Raymond Laflamme

We introduce an open-source software library Graphix, which optimizes and simulates measurement-based quantum computation (MBQC). By combining the measurement calculus with an efficient graph state simulator, Graphix allows the classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-23 Shinichi Sunami , Masato Fukushima

We develop connections between generalised notions of entanglement and quantum computational devices where the measurements available are restricted, either because they are noisy and/or because by design they are only along Pauli…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-01-18 N. Ratanje , S. Virmani

We propose the repetition code adapter as a way to perform joint logical Pauli measurements within a quantum low-density parity check (LDPC) codeblock or between separate such codeblocks, thus providing a flexible tool for fault-tolerant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-12 Esha Swaroop , Tomas Jochym-O'Connor , Theodore J. Yoder

We propose a versatile and efficient algorithmic framework for optimizing fermion-to-qubit mappings by generalizing the idea of randomized block coordinate descent. Our greedy approach, termed Randomized Subsystem Descent, iteratively…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 Gengzhi Yang , Di Wu , Haizhao Yang , Xiaodi Wu , Ji Liu

There are two general requirements to harness the computational power of quantum mechanics: the ability to manipulate the evolution of an isolated system and the ability to faithfully extract information from it. Quantum error correction…

Measurement-based quantum computing is one of the most promising quantum computing models. Although various universal resource states have been proposed so far, it was open whether only two Pauli bases are enough for both of universal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-24 Yuki Takeuchi , Tomoyuki Morimae , Masahito Hayashi

To successfully perform quantum computations, it is often necessary to first accurately characterize the noise in the underlying hardware. However, it is well known that fundamental limitations prevent the unique identification of the…

Accurately estimating observables on noisy quantum devices remains a central challenge for near-term quantum algorithms. While quantum error mitigation techniques can reduce noise-induced bias, they often rely on unverifiable assumptions…

We present a polynomial-time classical algorithm for estimating expectation values of arbitrary observables on typical quantum circuits under any incoherent local noise, including non-unital or dephasing. Although previous research…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Armando Angrisani , Antonio A. Mele , Manuel S. Rudolph , M. Cerezo , Zoë Holmes
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