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Various deep learning-based approaches utilizing pre-trained language models (PLMs) have been proposed for automated vulnerability detection. With recent advancements in large language models (LLMs), several studies have begun exploring…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Honglin Shu , Michael Fu , Junji Yu , Dong Wang , Chakkrit Tantithamthavorn , Junjie Chen , Yasutaka Kamei

Lab results are often confusing and hard to understand. Large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT have opened a promising avenue for patients to get their questions answered. We aim to assess the feasibility of using LLMs to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Zhe He , Balu Bhasuran , Qiao Jin , Shubo Tian , Karim Hanna , Cindy Shavor , Lisbeth Garcia Arguello , Patrick Murray , Zhiyong Lu

We introduce LLaMA, a collection of foundation language models ranging from 7B to 65B parameters. We train our models on trillions of tokens, and show that it is possible to train state-of-the-art models using publicly available datasets…

We introduce a novel and extensible benchmark for large language models (LLMs) through grid-based games such as Tic-Tac-Toe, Connect Four, and Gomoku. The open-source game simulation code, available on GitHub, allows LLMs to compete and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Oguzhan Topsakal , Colby Jacob Edell , Jackson Bailey Harper

As large language models (LLMs) increasingly integrate into every aspect of our work and daily lives, there are growing concerns about user privacy, which push the trend toward local deployment of these models. There are a number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jie Xiao , Qianyi Huang , Xu Chen , Chen Tian

In an era where large language models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into a wide range of everyday applications, research into these models' behavior has surged. However, due to the novelty of the field, clear methodological guidelines…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Laurène Vaugrante , Mathias Niepert , Thilo Hagendorff

This paper investigates the application of large language models (LLMs) to financial tasks. We fine-tuned foundation models using the Open FinLLM Leaderboard as a benchmark. Building on Qwen2.5 and Deepseek-R1, we employed techniques…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Varun Rao , Youran Sun , Mahendra Kumar , Tejas Mutneja , Agastya Mukherjee , Haizhao Yang

With the significant expansion of the context window in Large Language Models (LLMs), these models are theoretically capable of processing millions of tokens in a single pass. However, research indicates a significant gap between this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Nima Esmi , Maryam Nezhad-Moghaddam , Fatemeh Borhani , Asadollah Shahbahrami , Amin Daemdoost , Georgi Gaydadjiev

To complete an open-ended programming exercise, students need to both plan a high-level solution and implement it using the appropriate syntax. However, these problems are often autograded on the correctness of the final submission through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Mehmet Arif Demirtaş , Claire Zheng , Max Fowler , Kathryn Cunningham

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in intelligent systems that perform reasoning, summarization, and code generation. Their ability to follow natural-language instructions, while powerful, also makes them vulnerable to a new…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Daniyal Ganiuly , Assel Smaiyl

Recent large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive capabilities in handling long contexts, some exhibiting near-perfect recall on synthetic retrieval tasks. However, these evaluations have mainly focused on English text and involved…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Ameeta Agrawal , Andy Dang , Sina Bagheri Nezhad , Rhitabrat Pokharel , Russell Scheinberg

This work introduces Gemma, a family of lightweight, state-of-the art open models built from the research and technology used to create Gemini models. Gemma models demonstrate strong performance across academic benchmarks for language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Gemma Team , Thomas Mesnard , Cassidy Hardin , Robert Dadashi , Surya Bhupatiraju , Shreya Pathak , Laurent Sifre , Morgane Rivière , Mihir Sanjay Kale , Juliette Love , Pouya Tafti , Léonard Hussenot , Pier Giuseppe Sessa , Aakanksha Chowdhery , Adam Roberts , Aditya Barua , Alex Botev , Alex Castro-Ros , Ambrose Slone , Amélie Héliou , Andrea Tacchetti , Anna Bulanova , Antonia Paterson , Beth Tsai , Bobak Shahriari , Charline Le Lan , Christopher A. Choquette-Choo , Clément Crepy , Daniel Cer , Daphne Ippolito , David Reid , Elena Buchatskaya , Eric Ni , Eric Noland , Geng Yan , George Tucker , George-Christian Muraru , Grigory Rozhdestvenskiy , Henryk Michalewski , Ian Tenney , Ivan Grishchenko , Jacob Austin , James Keeling , Jane Labanowski , Jean-Baptiste Lespiau , Jeff Stanway , Jenny Brennan , Jeremy Chen , Johan Ferret , Justin Chiu , Justin Mao-Jones , Katherine Lee , Kathy Yu , Katie Millican , Lars Lowe Sjoesund , Lisa Lee , Lucas Dixon , Machel Reid , Maciej Mikuła , Mateo Wirth , Michael Sharman , Nikolai Chinaev , Nithum Thain , Olivier Bachem , Oscar Chang , Oscar Wahltinez , Paige Bailey , Paul Michel , Petko Yotov , Rahma Chaabouni , Ramona Comanescu , Reena Jana , Rohan Anil , Ross McIlroy , Ruibo Liu , Ryan Mullins , Samuel L Smith , Sebastian Borgeaud , Sertan Girgin , Sholto Douglas , Shree Pandya , Siamak Shakeri , Soham De , Ted Klimenko , Tom Hennigan , Vlad Feinberg , Wojciech Stokowiec , Yu-hui Chen , Zafarali Ahmed , Zhitao Gong , Tris Warkentin , Ludovic Peran , Minh Giang , Clément Farabet , Oriol Vinyals , Jeff Dean , Koray Kavukcuoglu , Demis Hassabis , Zoubin Ghahramani , Douglas Eck , Joelle Barral , Fernando Pereira , Eli Collins , Armand Joulin , Noah Fiedel , Evan Senter , Alek Andreev , Kathleen Kenealy

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being used in educational and learning applications. Research has demonstrated that controlling for style, to fit the needs of the learner, fosters increased understanding, promotes inclusion,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Ankit Aich , Tingting Liu , Salvatore Giorgi , Kelsey Isman , Lyle Ungar , Brenda Curtis

Following the widespread adoption of ChatGPT in early 2023, numerous studies reported that large language models (LLMs) can match or even surpass human performance in creative tasks. However, it remains unclear whether LLMs have become more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Jennifer Haase , Paul H. P. Hanel , Sebastian Pokutta

Scaling language models with more data, compute and parameters has driven significant progress in natural language processing. For example, thanks to scaling, GPT-3 was able to achieve strong results on in-context learning tasks. However,…

Large Language Models(LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across various natural language processing tasks; however, how to comprehensively and accurately assess their performance becomes an urgent issue to be addressed. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Xiaotian Zhang , Chunyang Li , Yi Zong , Zhengyu Ying , Liang He , Xipeng Qiu

Software languages evolve over time for reasons such as feature additions. When grammars evolve, textual instances that originally conformed to them may become outdated. While model-driven engineering provides many techniques for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Weixing Zhang , Bowen Jiang , Yuhong Fu , Anne Koziolek , Regina Hebig , Daniel Strüber

This study investigates the efficacy of large language models (LLMs) as tools for grading master-level student essays. Utilizing a sample of 60 essays in political science, the study compares the accuracy of grades suggested by the GPT-4…

General Economics · Economics 2024-06-25 Magnus Lundgren

Large language models (LLMs) have become an essential tool for natural language processing and artificial intelligence in general. Current open-source models are primarily trained on English texts, resulting in poorer performance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Domen Vreš , Tjaša Arčon , Timotej Petrič , Dario Vajda , Marko Robnik-Šikonja , Iztok Lebar Bajec

Recent large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be effective for misinformation detection. However, the choice of LLMs for experiments varies widely, leading to uncertain conclusions. In particular, GPT-4 is known to be strong in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Tyler Vergho , Jean-Francois Godbout , Reihaneh Rabbany , Kellin Pelrine