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Training a high-performance deep neural network requires large amounts of data and computational resources. Protecting the intellectual property (IP) and commercial ownership of a deep model is challenging yet increasingly crucial. A major…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Shuyang Yu , Junyuan Hong , Haobo Zhang , Haotao Wang , Zhangyang Wang , Jiayu Zhou

The ethical need to protect AI-generated content has been a significant concern in recent years. While existing watermarking strategies have demonstrated success in detecting synthetic content (detection), there has been limited exploration…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Rui Min , Sen Li , Hongyang Chen , Minhao Cheng

Watermarking has recently emerged as a crucial tool for protecting the intellectual property of generative models and for distinguishing AI-generated content from human-generated data. Despite its practical success, most existing…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-08 Hengzhi He , Shirong Xu , Alexander Nemecek , Jiping Li , Erman Ayday , Guang Cheng

The rise of machine learning as a service and model sharing platforms has raised the need of traitor-tracing the models and proof of authorship. Watermarking technique is the main component of existing methods for protecting copyright of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-17 Ziqi Yang , Hung Dang , Ee-Chien Chang

In the rapidly evolving domain of artificial intelligence, safeguarding the intellectual property of Large Language Models (LLMs) is increasingly crucial. Current watermarking techniques against model extraction attacks, which rely on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Minhao Bai , Kaiyi Pang , Yongfeng Huang

With the proliferation of AI agents in various domains, protecting the ownership of AI models has become crucial due to the significant investment in their development. Unauthorized use and illegal distribution of these models pose serious…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Erjin Bao , Ching-Chun Chang , Hanrui Wang , Isao Echizen

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate general intelligence across a variety of machine learning tasks, thereby enhancing the commercial value of their intellectual property (IP). To protect this IP, model owners typically allow user…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Kaiyi Pang , Tao Qi , Chuhan Wu , Minhao Bai , Minghu Jiang , Yongfeng Huang

Model watermarking techniques can embed watermark information into the protected model for ownership declaration by constructing specific input-output pairs. However, existing watermarks are easily removed when facing model stealing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Yunfei Yang , Xiaojun Chen , Yuexin Xuan , Zhendong Zhao , Xin Zhao , He Li

State-of-the-art text-to-image models generate photorealistic images at an unprecedented speed. This work focuses on models that operate in a bitwise autoregressive manner over a discrete set of tokens that is practically infinite in size.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Louis Kerner , Michel Meintz , Bihe Zhao , Franziska Boenisch , Adam Dziedzic

Watermarking is a tool for actively identifying and attributing the images generated by latent diffusion models. Existing methods face the dilemma of image quality and watermark robustness. Watermarks with superior image quality usually…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Zheling Meng , Bo Peng , Jing Dong

With the rapid rise of large models, copyright protection for generated image content has become a critical security challenge. Although deep learning watermarking techniques offer an effective solution for digital image copyright…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Shaowu Wu , Liting Zeng , Wei Lu , Xiangyang Luo

We introduce the first watermark tailored for diffusion language models (DLMs), an emergent LLM paradigm able to generate tokens in arbitrary order, in contrast to standard autoregressive language models (ARLMs) which generate tokens…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Thibaud Gloaguen , Robin Staab , Nikola Jovanović , Martin Vechev

Deepfakes generated by modern generative models pose a serious threat to information integrity, digital identity, and public trust. Existing detection methods are largely reactive, attempting to identify manipulations after they occur and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Bibek Das , Chandranath Adak , Soumi Chattopadhyay , Zahid Akhtar , Soumya Dutta

Watermarking combines an imperceptible change to an input image that will trigger a detector, to assert provenance and protect intellectual property. The literature has shown great interest in attacks on watermarking schemes: attackers are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Maria Bulychev , Neil G. Marchant , Benjamin I. P. Rubinstein

This paper considers the problem of designing physical watermark signals in order to optimally detect possible replay attack in a linear time-invariant system, under the assumption that the system parameters are unknown and need to be…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-11-06 Hanxiao Liu , Yilin Mo , Jiaqi Yan , Lihua Xie , Karl H. Johansson

Watermarking (WM) is a critical mechanism for detecting and attributing AI-generated content. Current WM methods for Large Language Models (LLMs) are predominantly tailored for autoregressive (AR) models: They rely on tokens being generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Ofek Raban , Ethan Fetaya , Gal Chechik

Watermarking is widely proposed for provenance, attribution, and safety monitoring in generative models, yet is typically evaluated only under adversaries who attempt to evade detection or induce false positives at the level of individual…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Toluwani Aremu , Nils Lukas , Jie Zhang

Obtaining the state of the art performance of deep learning models imposes a high cost to model generators, due to the tedious data preparation and the substantial processing requirements. To protect the model from unauthorized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Masoumeh Shafieinejad , Jiaqi Wang , Nils Lukas , Xinda Li , Florian Kerschbaum

Watermarking is an effective way to trace model-generated content. Current watermark methods cannot resist forgery attacks, such as a deceptive claim that the model-generated content is a response to a fabricated prompt. None of them can be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Minhao Bai

Machine learning models are being used in an increasing number of critical applications; thus, securing their integrity and ownership is critical. Recent studies observed that adversarial training and watermarking have a conflicting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Janvi Thakkar , Giulio Zizzo , Sergio Maffeis