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Graph neural networks have been used for a variety of learning tasks, such as link prediction, node classification, and node clustering. Among them, link prediction is a relatively under-studied graph learning task, with current…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-29 Xinxing Wu , Qiang Cheng

Graph embedding algorithms are used to efficiently represent (encode) a graph in a low-dimensional continuous vector space that preserves the most important properties of the graph. One aspect that is often overlooked is whether the graph…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-31 Zekarias T. Kefato , Nasrullah Sheikh , Alberto Montresor

Do autoregressive Transformer language models require explicit positional encodings (PEs)? The answer is 'no' provided they have more than one layer -- they can distinguish sequences with permuted tokens without the need for explicit PEs.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Kazuki Irie

We propose a novel approach for learning node representations in directed graphs, which maintains separate views or embedding spaces for the two distinct node roles induced by the directionality of the edges. We argue that the previous…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-07-01 Megha Khosla , Jurek Leonhardt , Wolfgang Nejdl , Avishek Anand

Several recent works use positional encodings to extend the receptive fields of graph neural network (GNN) layers equipped with attention mechanisms. These techniques, however, extend receptive fields to the complete graph, at substantial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Rickard Brüel-Gabrielsson , Mikhail Yurochkin , Justin Solomon

We introduce a novel positional encoding strategy for Transformer-style models, addressing the shortcomings of existing, often ad hoc, approaches. Our framework provides a flexible mapping from the algebraic specification of a domain to an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Konstantinos Kogkalidis , Jean-Philippe Bernardy , Vikas Garg

We propose Parabolic Position Encoding (PaPE), a parabola-based position encoding for vision modalities in attention-based architectures. Given a set of vision tokens-such as from videos, event camera streams, images, or point clouds-our…

Machine learning on graphs is an important and ubiquitous task with applications ranging from drug design to friendship recommendation in social networks. The primary challenge in this domain is finding a way to represent, or encode, graph…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-04-11 William L. Hamilton , Rex Ying , Jure Leskovec

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have emerged as the de facto standard for modeling graph data, with attention mechanisms and transformers significantly enhancing their performance on graph-based tasks. Despite these advancements, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Nikhil Shivakumar Nayak

Transformers rely on both content-based and position-based addressing mechanisms to make predictions, but existing positional encoding techniques often diminish the effectiveness of position-based addressing. Many current methods enforce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Jiajun Zhu , Peihao Wang , Ruisi Cai , Jason D. Lee , Pan Li , Zhangyang Wang

Positional encoding plays a crucial role in transformers, significantly impacting model performance and length generalization. Prior research has introduced absolute positional encoding (APE) and relative positional encoding (RPE) to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Chuanyang Zheng , Yihang Gao , Han Shi , Minbin Huang , Jingyao Li , Jing Xiong , Xiaozhe Ren , Michael Ng , Xin Jiang , Zhenguo Li , Yu Li

Dynamic graphs exhibit complex temporal dynamics due to the interplay between evolving node features and changing network structures. Recently, Graph Neural Controlled Differential Equations (Graph Neural CDEs) successfully adapted Neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Torben Berndt , Benjamin Walker , Tiexin Qin , Jan Stühmer , Andrey Kormilitzin

Cycles are fundamental elements in graph-structured data and have demonstrated their effectiveness in enhancing graph learning models. To encode such information into a graph learning framework, prior works often extract a summary quantity,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Zuoyu Yan , Tengfei Ma , Liangcai Gao , Zhi Tang , Chao Chen , Yusu Wang

This paper introduces a novel approach to position embeddings in transformer models, named "Exact Positional Embeddings" (ExPE). An absolute positional embedding method that can extrapolate to sequences of lengths longer than the ones it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Aleksis Datseris , Sylvia Vassileva , Ivan Koychev , Svetla Boytcheva

Graph autoencoders (AE) and variational autoencoders (VAE) recently emerged as powerful node embedding methods. In particular, graph AE and VAE were successfully leveraged to tackle the challenging link prediction problem, aiming at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Guillaume Salha , Stratis Limnios , Romain Hennequin , Viet Anh Tran , Michalis Vazirgiannis

Positional encoding (PE) is a core architectural component of Transformers, yet its impact on the Transformer's generalization and robustness remains unclear. In this work, we provide the first generalization analysis for a single-layer…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-25 Weiyi He , Yue Xing

Length generalization, the ability to generalize from small training context sizes to larger ones, is a critical challenge in the development of Transformer-based language models. Positional encoding (PE) has been identified as a major…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Amirhossein Kazemnejad , Inkit Padhi , Karthikeyan Natesan Ramamurthy , Payel Das , Siva Reddy

Learning to compute, the ability to model the functional behavior of a circuit graph, is a fundamental challenge for graph representation learning. Yet, the dominant paradigm is architecturally mismatched for this task. This flawed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Ziyang Zheng , Jiaying Zhu , Jingyi Zhou , Qiang Xu

Node-level random walk has been widely used to improve Graph Neural Networks. However, there is limited attention to random walk on edge and, more generally, on $k$-simplices. This paper systematically analyzes how random walk on different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Cai Zhou , Xiyuan Wang , Muhan Zhang

Predictive process monitoring is a process mining task aimed at forecasting information about a running process trace, such as the most correct next activity to be executed. In medical domains, predictive process monitoring can provide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Christopher Irwin , Marco Dossena , Giorgio Leonardi , Stefania Montani